Digitized by the Internet Archive In 2022 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation https://archive.org/details/oeyondmythslegen0000unse BEYOND MYTHS & LEGENDS: A NARRATIVE HISTORY OF TEXAS BEYOND MYTHS & LEGENDS: A NARRATIVE HISTORY OF TEXAS Kenneth W. Howell Prairie View A&M University Keith J. Volanto Collin College James M. Smallwood Oklahoma State University Charles D. Grear Prairie View A&M University Jennifer S. Lawrence Tarrant County College Design and Production: Abigail Press Typesetting: Abigail Press Typeface: AGaramond Cover Art: Sam Tolia BEYOND MYTHS & LEGENDS: A NARRATIVE HISTORY OF TEXAS Second Edition, 2009 Printed in the United States of America Translation rights reserved by the publisher ISBN 1-890919-54-3 13-digit 978-1-890919-54-2 Copyright @ by Abigail Press Inc., 2050 Middleton Dr., Wheaton, IL 60187 All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by the copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. CONTENTS IN BRIEF Chapter One Before European Contact Chapter Two The Spanish Invasion of Texas, 1519-1821 25 Chapter Three Mexican Texas, 1821-1835 55 Chapter Four Texas Revolution (October 1, 1835-April 21, 1836) 77 Chapter Five Birth of a New Republic, 1836-1845 107 Chapter Six The 28th State in the Union, 1845-1861 129 Chapter Seven Texas During the Civil War, 1861-1865 157 Chapter Eight Reconstruction in Texas: The Unfinished Civil War, 1865-1874 181 Chapter Nine Economic and Political Reforms, 1874-1890 207 Chapter Ten The Populist Movement, 1890-1900 237 Chapter Eleven Society and Culture, 1874-1900 257 Chapter Twelve The Progressive Era and WWI, 1900-1919 285 Chapter Thirteen The Rise of Urbanization, Expanding Opportunities, and the Invisible Empire, 1920-1929 309 Chapter Fourteen The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1940 335 Chapter Fifteen World War II and Texas, 1941-1945 363 Chapter Sixteen On the Threshold of Modernization, 1945-1959 387 Chapter Seventeen The Turbulent Decade: Reform and Reaction, 1960-1972 413 Chapter Eighteen Politics in Modern Texas, 1972-2008 435 Chapter Nineteen Economic Transformations in Modern Texas, 1972-2008 463 Chapter Twenty Texas Culture, 1972-2008 487 Appendix I 509 Appendix II 512 Index 514 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Maps and Illustrations Preface Chapter One Before European Contact Modern DNA Studies and the Native Americans Midland Minnie Into the Western Hemisphere The Paleo-Indian Culture The Archaic Age The Woodland Era and the Agricultural Revolution The Mississippi Cultural Tradition The Historic Era The Caddos and the Wichitas CDNHOW NNINNW N The Atakapas and the Bidais The Karankawas and the Coahuiltecans The Jumanos The Plains Indians Myth & Legend—The First Texans: The Debate Continues Suggestions for Further Reading Identification Multiple Choice True/False Matching Essay Questions Chapter Two The Spanish Invasion of Texas, 1519-1821 Early Spanish Exploration Of Texas Francisco V4squez de Coronado and Hernando De Soto French Interlopers and New Spain’s Response A New French Threat Continuing Spanish Colonization: Expansion, New Institutions, And Retraction Economic Developments and Demographics in Frontier Texas vil Urban Development 4] The Last Years of Spanish Control 4) The Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821) 42 American Filibusters 43 Myth & Legend—The Lady in Blue 48 Suggestions for Further Reading 50 Identification afl Multiple Choice 51 True/False 5S Matching 53 Essay Questions 54 Chapter Three Mexican Texas, 1821-1835 55 The Austins 56 The Federalist Victory and the Emergence of Guadalupe Victoria 56 Empresarios, American Settlers, and Tejanos 58 Republic of Fredonia py The American Immigration Issue 60 The Centralist Return and the Undeclared Texas Revolution 61 Return of the Federalists 64 The People of Mexican Texas 65 Santa Annas Coup 69 Myth & Legend—Multiculturalism in Early Texas 70 Suggestions for Further Reading 7a Identification 1, Multiple Choice 73 True/False os Matching 75 Essay Questions 76 Chapter Four Texas Revolution (October 1, 1835-April 21, 1836) vie Causes of the Revolution: An Interpretive Nightmare rei The People’s Revolutionary Army 78 Winning the Fight 80 Santa Anna's Invasion of Texas 86 “Remember the Alamo!” “Remember Goliad!” 89 Houston's Retreat and the Runaway Scrape 93 On to San Jacinto 95 Formation of the Texas Republic 98 Myth & Legend—The Yellow Rose of Texas 100 Vill