Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule: African American Landowning Families Since Reconstruction PDF
Preview Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule: African American Landowning Families Since Reconstruction
Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule University Press of Florida Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola This page intentionally left blank Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule (cid:1) African American Landowning Families since Reconstruction Edited by Debra A. Reid and Evan P. Bennett Foreword by Loren Schweninger University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers · Sarasota Copyright 2012 by Debra A. Reid and Evan P. Bennett All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America. This book is printed on Glatfelter Natures Book, a paper certified under the standards of the Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC). It is a recycled stock that contains 30 percent post-consumer waste and is acid-free. 17 16 15 14 13 12 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beyond forty acres and a mule : African American landowning families since Reconstruction / edited by Debra A. Reid and Evan P. Bennett ; foreword by Loren Schweninger. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8130-3986-2 (acid-free paper) 1. African American farmers—United States—History. 2. African Americans— Land tenure—United States—History. 3. African American farmers—United States—Economic conditions. 4. African American farmers—United States— Political conditions. 5. Freedmen—United States—Economic conditions. 6. African American farmers—Southern States—History. 7. African Americans— Land tenure—Southern—History. 8. African American farmers—Southern States—Economic conditions. 9. United States—Race relations. 10. Southern States—Race relations. I. Reid, Debra Ann, 1960– II. Bennett, Evan P. E185.6.B49 2012 305.5'6308996073075—dc23 2012001107 The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com Contents List of Maps / vii List of Figures / ix List of Tables / xi Foreword / xiii List of Abbreviations / xv Introduction / 1 Debra A. Reid Part I. Historiography and Philosophy 1. The Jim Crow Section of Agricultural History / 21 Adrienne Petty Part II. Farm Acquisition and Retention 2. Out of Mount Vernon’s Shadow: Black Landowners in George Washington’s Neighborhood, 1870–1930 / 39 Scott E. Casper 3. James E. Youngblood: Race, Family, and Farm Ownership in Jim Crow Texas / 63 Keith J. Volanto 4. Benjamin Hubert and the Association for the Advancement of Negro Country Life / 83 Mark Schultz Part III. Agrarianism and Black Politics 5. Black Populism: Agrarian Politics from the Colored Alliance to the People’s Party / 109 Omar H. Ali 6. “The Lazarus of American Farmers”: The Politics of Black Agrarianism in the Jim Crow South, 1921–1938 / 132 Jarod Roll Part IV. Farm Families at Work 7.Land Ownership and the Color Line: African American Farmers in the Heartland, 1870s–1920s / 155 Debra A. Reid 8. Of the Quest of the Golden Leaf: Black Farmers and Bright Tobacco in the Piedmont South / 179 Evan P. Bennett 9.“Justifiable Pride”: Negotiation and Collaboration in Florida African American Extension / 205 Kelly A. Minor Part V. Legal Activism and Civil Rights Expansion 10. Black Power in the Alabama Black Belt to the 1970s / 231 Veronica L. Womack 11. “You’re just like mules, you don’t know your own strength”: Rural South Carolina Blacks and the Emergence of the Civil Rights Struggle / 254 Carmen V. Harris 12. Between Forty Acres and a Class Action Lawsuit: Black Farmers, Civil Rights, and Protest against the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1997–2010 / 271 Valerie Grim Researching African American Land and Farm Owners: A Bibliographic Essay / 297 Debra A. Reid List of Contributors / 317 Index / 321 Maps 2.1. Mount Vernon District No. 3 / 41 2.2. Detail, Mount Vernon District No. 3, showing Gum Springs and property owned by Susan Quander and Sandy Alexander / 46 6.1. County distribution of Universal Negro Improvement Association divisions in the rural South, 1920–35 / 135 This page intentionally left blank Figures I.1. J. R. Dean, landowner living with a hotel keeper in Ashville, Alabama, 1915 / 8 I.2. L. C. Carter, a farmer near Butler Springs, Alabama, c. 1918 / 13 2.1.Marriage license, 1908 / 49 3.1. James Thomas Youngblood (1833–1891) / 65 3.2. Eliza Youngblood (1842–1924) / 67 3.3. James E. “Squire” Youngblood (1869–1946) / 70 3.4. “Squire” Youngblood’s farmhouse, between 1901 and 1915 / 72 4.1. Portrait of Benjamin F. Hubert / 89 4.2. Camilla-Zach Log Cabin Center, 1932 / 97 5.1.Walter A. Pattillo / 117 5.2.Picking cotton in Mississippi, 1890s / 122 6.1. Promotional broadside, National Federation of Colored Farmers, 1933 / 144 7.1.Thomas Green, landowner in Pleasant Ridge, Wisconsin, c. 1936 / 157 7.2.John Summer and family, Kansas, 1880 to 1885 / 165 7.3. Blacks and whites performing similar labor, but white oversight prevailed, c. 1899 / 170 7.4. Laborers harvesting wheat on the W. P. Ridley farm near Columbia, Tennessee, June 14, 1921 / 172 8.1. Farm owned by Wes Cris[p], 1939 / 181 8.2. Farmer talking with warehouse man, 1939 / 192 8.3. Farmer buying patent medicine outside tobacco warehouse, 1939 / 192 8.4. Stock barn on the B. C. Corbett farm, 1939 / 194 9.1. Canning demonstration, Washington County, Florida, 1919 / 208 9.2.Newspaper clipping of Mrs. Ethel Anderson, 1946 / 210
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