Beyond Exceptionalism: Traces of Slavery and the Slave Trade in Early Modern Germany, 1650-1850

326 Pages·2021·150.376 MB·English

by  Rebekka Mallinckrodt, Josef Köstlbauer, Sarah Lentz

BeyondExceptionalism

Beyond
Exceptionalism
Traces of Slavery and the Slave Trade in Early Modern
Germany, 1650–1850
Edited by
Rebekka von Mallinckrodt, Josef Köstlbauer,
and Sarah Lentz
ThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanResearchCouncil(ERC)undertheEuropean
Union’sHorizon2020ResearchandInnovationProgram(ERCConsolidatorGrantNo.641110:“The
HolyRomanEmpireoftheGermanNationandItsSlaves,”2015–2022).Thecontributionspublished
herereflecttheauthors’viewsexclusively;theERCisneitherresponsiblefortheircontentsnorfor
anysubsequentusemadeofthem.
ISBN978-3-11-074869-7
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-074883-3
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-074895-6
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833
ThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives4.0
InternationalLicense.Fordetailsgotohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
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BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de.
©2021RebekkavonMallinckrodt,JosefKöstlbauer,andSarahLentz,publishedbyWalterde
GruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston
Thebookispublishedwithopenaccessatwww.degruyter.com.
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ofChicago,madeavailableundertheCreativeCommonsZeroPublicDomainDesignation.
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Acknowledgements
This volume owes its existence to the efforts and support of many individuals and
institutions. First and foremost, the European Research Council (ERC) generously
fundedtheConsolidatorGrantProject“TheHolyRomanEmpireoftheGermanNa-
tionandItsSlaves”(no.641110)withintheframeworkoftheEUResearchProgram
“Horizon 2020.” Three of the contributions presented here stem directly from this
research project. In addition, this financial support enabled us to meet, discuss,
and network with a large number of other researchers and research groups who
havecontributed–sometimesdirectly,sometimesindirectly–tothesuccessofthis
book.Wespecificallywishtomentionseveralpeoplewhoarenotvisiblebywayof
anindividualcontributiontothisvolume:CarolinAlff(Berlin),JanHüsgen(Dresden),
Gisela Mettele (Jena), Heike Raphael-Hernandez (Würzburg), Eve Rosenhaft (Liver-
pool),RobertoZaugg(Zurich),theFreeandUnfreeLabourGroup,whichhasnowex-
panded into the COST Action “Worlds of Related Coercions in Work” with (among
others) the tireless Juliane Schiel (Vienna), Christian De Vito (Bonn), Jeannine Bis-
choff (Bonn), Johan Heinsen (Aalborg), and Hanne Østhus (Bonn), as well as the
“Bonn Center for Dependency and Slavery Studies.” The work of all these persons
andinstitutionsisevidencethatslaveryresearchhasgainedsignificantweightwithin
German-speakingacademiaaswellasfarbeyondinrecentyears.
Moreover, research would not be possible without all the people organizing
and securing its practical foundations: Claudia Haase from the University of Bre-
mendeservesathousandthanksinthisregard,asdoesStefanieWalther,whoac-
companiedourprojectascoordinatorforseveralyears,andthestudentassistants
MelanieDiehm,JasperHagedorn,DanaHollmann,IngaLange,NeleSchmidt,and
YaëlRichter-Symanek.
WewouldliketothankStephanStockinger(Vienna)forhiscarefulwork,linguis-
ticsensitivity,accuracy,andhumoraseditorandtranslator.H.C.ErikMidelfort(Uni-
versityofVirginia)kindlyjumpedtoourrescueastranslatoroftheintroduction.We
areveryhonoredthatamasterofthedisciplinewaswillingtotakeonthistask.Our
gratitudealsogoesouttoRabeaRittgerodtandJanaFritscheatpublisherDeGruyter
fortheenthusiasticreceptionthatspurredusalongthelastfewmeters,theunbeliev-
ablyfastimplementationoftheproject,andprompthelpwithallourquestions.
Duringtheworkonthiseditedvolume,threechildrenwereborntotheeditors
and translators and a pandemic entered the world, the effects of which we could
never have imagined beforehand. We are delighted that the book could be com-
pleteddespitethesechallengesandlookforwardtodiscussingthecontributions.
RebekkavonMallinckrodt
JosefKöstlbauer
SarahLentz
OpenAccess.©2021RebekkavonMallinckrodtetal.,publishedbyDeGruyter. Thisworkis
licensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives4.0InternationalLicense.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833-202

Contents
Acknowledgements V
ListofIllustrations IX
ListofContributors XI
RebekkavonMallinckrodt,SarahLentz,andJosefKöstlbauer
BeyondExceptionalism–TracesofSlaveryandtheSlaveTradeinEarly
ModernGermany,1650–1850 1
KlausWeber
1 GermanyandtheEarlyModernAtlanticWorld:EconomicInvolvement
andHistoriography 27
ArneSpohr
2 Violence,SocialStatus,andBlacknessinEarlyModernGermany:
TheCaseoftheBlackTrumpeterChristianReal(ca.1643–after1674) 57
CraigKoslofsky
3 SlaveryandSkin:TheNativeAmericansOcktschaRinschaandTuski
StannakiintheHolyRomanEmpire,1722–1734 81
JosefKöstlbauer
4 “IHaveNoShortageofMoors”:Mission,Representation,andtheElusive
SemanticsofSlaveryinEighteenth-CenturyMoravianSources 109
RebekkavonMallinckrodt
5 SlaveryandtheLawinEighteenth-CenturyGermany 137
WalterSauer
6 FromSlavePurchasestoChildRedemption:AComparisonofAristocratic
andMiddle-ClassRecruitingPracticesfor“Exotic”StaffinHabsburg
Austria 163
AnnikaBärwald
7 BlackHamburg:PeopleofAsianandAfricanDescentNavigatingaLate
Eighteenth-andEarlyNineteenth-CenturyJobMarket 189
VIII Contents
JuttaWimmler
8 InvisibleProductsofSlavery:AmericanMedicinalsandDyestuffs
intheHolyRomanEmpire 215
MarkHäberlein
9 AnAugsburgPastor’sViewsonAfricans,theSlaveTrade,andSlavery:
GottliebTobiasWilhelm’sConversationsaboutMan(1804) 239
JessicaCronshagen
10 “WeDoNotNeedAnySlaves;WeUseOxenandHorses”:Children’s
LettersfromMoravianCommunitiesinCentralEuropetoSlaves’Children
inSuriname(1829) 265
SarahLentz
11 “NoGermanShipConductsSlaveTrade!”ThePublicControversyabout
GermanParticipationintheSlaveTradeduringthe1840s 287
List of Illustrations
Fig.2.1 ChristianRealatthefuneralprocessionforDukeEberhardIII,1674.Detailofan
engravinginSechsChristlicheLeich-Predigten(Stuttgart:Weyrich,1675).Herzog
AugustBibliothekWolfenbüttel:Lpr.Stolb.23350:6(CCBY-SA) 66
Fig.3.1 OcktschaRinschaandTuskiStannaki.DetailsfromtheBreslauSammlungvonNatur-
undMedicin-[...]Geschichten,[1722].CourtesyofSächsischeLandesbibiothek–
Staats-undUniversitätsbibliothekDresden/DeutscheFotothek 82
Fig.3.2 TheSoutheastontheeveoftheYamaseeWar,1715,showingthepossibleoriginsof
OcktschaRinscha(Choctaw)andTuskiStannaki(Creek).MapbyDanielP.
Huffman 85
Fig.3.3 “MostobedientservantsOcktschaRinscha;TuskiStannaki.”Signaturesofthe
twomenontheirrequesttobebaptizedasLutheransinDresden,1725.
SächsischesStaatsarchiv,HauptstaatsarchivDresden,10025Geheimes
Konsilium,Loc.4692/07,fol.13r 86
Fig.3.4 “SouaseOkeCharinga,Americanischerprintz,”fromtheBreslauSammlungvon
Natur-undMedicin-[. ..]Geschichten,[1722].CourtesyofSächsische
Landesbibiothek–Staats-undUniversitätsbibliothekDresden/Deutsche
Fotothek 90
Fig.3.5 “TuskeeStanagee,Americanischerprintz,”fromtheBreslauSammlungvonNatur-
undMedicin-[...]Geschichten,[1722].CourtesyofSächsischeLandesbibiothek–
Staats-undUniversitätsbibliothekDresden/DeutscheFotothek 91
Fig.3.6 OcktschaRinschaandTuskiStannakiintheHolyRomanEmpireandKingdomof
Poland,1722–1734.MapbyDanielP.Huffman 96
Fig.3.7 IllustrationbyTheodordeBryforThomasHariot’sABriefeandTrueReportofthe
NewFoundLandofVirginia(Frankfurt:TheodordeBry,1590).©TheBritish
LibraryBoard 102
Fig.4.1 TheFirstFruits,oiloncanvasbyJohannValentinHaidt,Bethlehem,probably
soonafter1754.CourtesyofTheMoravianArchives,Bethlehem,PA,Painting
Collection19 131
Fig.6.1 PortraitofEmperorCharlesVIaccompaniedbya“Moor,”oiloncanvas,byJohann
GottfriedAuerbach,ca.1720/1730.ÖsterreichischeGalerieBelvedere,made
availableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlike4.0license 170
Fig.6.2 PortraitofEmmanuelRio,oilonpanel,byAlbertSchindler,1836.TheArtInstitute
ofChicago,madeavailableundertheCreativeCommonsZeroPublicDomain
Designation 178
Fig.6.3 MohamedMedlum,manservanttoaVienneseindustrialist,photography,ca.
1900,unknownprovenance 180
Fig.6.4 MaterConstantiaGayerwiththeAfricangirls,late1850s,Ursulineconvent
KlagenfurtamWörthersee 181
Fig.8.1 Thegenderedworkofslavesinthecultivationofindigo.JohannGeorgKrünitz,
ed.,OekonomischeEncyclopädie,vol.29(Berlin:Pauli1783),Table11.Herzog
AugustBibliothekWolfenbüttel:Schulenb.A9:29 227
Fig.8.2 Machinesandtoolsusedintheprocessingofindigo.JohannGeorgKrünitz,ed.,
OekonomischeEncyclopädie,vol.29(Berlin:Pauli1783),Table8.HerzogAugust
BibliothekWolfenbüttel:Schulenb.A9:29 228
Fig.9.1 Chainedfemaleslave,adaptedfromJohnGabrielStedman’sNarrativeofaFive
YearsExpeditionagainsttheRevoltedNegroesofSurinam(1796).GottliebTobias
OpenAccess.©2021RebekkavonMallinckrodtetal.,publishedbyDeGruyter. Thisworkis
licensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives4.0InternationalLicense.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748833-204
X ListofIllustrations
Wilhelm,UnterhaltungenüberdenMenschen(Augsburg:MartinEngelbrecht,
1804),TableVII.Photo:GeraldRaab,StaatsbibliothekBamberg 242
Fig.9.2 TitlepageofthefirstvolumeofWilhelm’sConversationsaboutMan.Gottlieb
TobiasWilhelm,UnterhaltungenüberdenMenschen(Augsburg:Martin
Engelbrecht,1804).Photo:GeraldRaab,StaatsbibliothekBamberg 245
Fig.9.3 TheAngolanprincessXingaandherfollowersasexamplesof“Africancruelty.”
GottliebTobiasWilhelm,UnterhaltungenüberdenMenschen(Augsburg:Martin
Engelbrecht,1804),TableXII.Photo:GeraldRaab,StaatsbibliothekBamberg 252
Fig.9.4 TheAfro-AmericanhealerGramanQuassie(Kwasimukamba),adaptedfromJohn
GabrielStedman’sNarrativeofaFiveYearsExpeditionagainsttheRevolted
NegroesofSurinam(1796).GottliebTobiasWilhelm,Unterhaltungenüberden
Menschen(Augsburg:MartinEngelbrecht,1804),TableXLII.Photo:GeraldRaab,
StaatsbibliothekBamberg 254
Fig.9.5 Planofaslaveship.GottliebTobiasWilhelm,UnterhaltungenüberdenMenschen
(Augsburg:MartinEngelbrecht,1804),TableXLII.Photo:GeraldRaab,
StaatsbibliothekBamberg 256
Fig.10.1 Children’slettersfromMoraviancommunitiesinCentralEurope(1829),overview,
tablebyJessicaCronshagen 283