Beyond Arithmetic: The Truth of CreatIOn

79 Pages·2005·7.92 MB·English

Who Killed Azaria?
W omen Pastors Begin Baptizing
-
Journal of the Association of Adventist Forums Vohune 15 Number 2
THE GREAT
CREATION DEBATE
Beyond Arithmetic
Conservative Takeover at Geoscience
Odyssey of a Creationist
SDA Creatl·om·sm
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SPECTRUM
Editorial Board Consulting Editors
Edward Lngenbeal
Editor Roy Bruuon Earl W. Amundson Anthropology
Ethics, Kennedy Institute President Kettering. Ohio
Roy Branson Georgetown University Atlantic Union Conference Margaret Mcfarland
Associate Editor MPhoyslliceiuann u COUperul EHrisicto Aryn derson WAtatoshrninegyt on, D.C.
Charles Scriven Angwin, California Pacific Union College LaV oane Neff
Gene Daffern Roy Benton Publishing
Senior Editor· Physician Mathematics Downers Grove, Illinois
W-asliington;·~D.C. CQ)~mbia Uni90·.Coliege Ronald Nnmben
Tom Dybdahl
BoanieDwyer Bonnie Catey History of Medicine
Journalism Writer/Editor University of Wisconsin
News Editor Lorna Linda, California Wash.ington, p.C ... Gary PattersoD
Bonnie Dwyer TomDybdahl George Colvin President
Edi~or Government Georgia-Cumberland Conference
Mattuscript Editor AIlc:!ntown, Pennsylvania Claremont Graduate School Edward E. RobiDson
Richard Emmerson Raymond Cottren ··Attorney
Gene· Daffern Engluh Theology , Chicago, I!linois
.. Book Review Editors wall. W.ll. College Loma Linda, California Gerhard Svrcek-Seiler
Alvia L. Kwiram" Ged Fnller Psychiatrist
Peggy Corbett·· Ch~mistry . Public Relations Vieruia, Austri~
University of Washington W~shington, D.C. ,Clrolyn Stevens
Rennie Schoepflin Gary Load Lawrence ~ty Engluh
History Old Testament Walla Wall. College
.Editorial Associate Andrews Univers~ty SDA Theological Seminary Helen W~ n.ompsoD
Penelope Kellogg Winkler Rennie $choepflin Fritz G~~ Administration
History Tlieology Walla w.lI. College
Editorial Assistant University of Wisconsin SDA Theological Seminary L.E.Tndet
CharI. . Scriven F.E.}. Harder Education
Dana Lauren West Theology Educational Administration Marienhoehe Gymnasium
w.lI. Wall. College College Place, Washington West Germany
Ottilie Stafford JorgeD HeDl'ikIeD Louis Venden
English Artist Pastor
Atlantic Union College Boston, Massachusetts Loma Linda Univeristy Church
Association of Adventist Forums Northern Pacific
}o. ... Brant
Theology
Wall. w.ll. Coliege
President Directors Regional Representatives
College Place, Washington
Lyndrey A. Nil. .
Communications AtlantiC Southern
Howard University, Washington, D.C. Of Chapter Development Jo. ... Homer T. Grace Emori
Walter Donglu Business Nursing Administration
Vice President Church History Hudson, Massachusetts Atlanta, Georgia
Edward Lagenbed Andrews ·University Central Southern Pacific
Systems Management Of International Relations Darrell}. Huenergudt Mike Scofield
Kettering, Ohio Mo1leunu COa.,..... Attorney Business
Physician Kimball. Ncbraska Anaheim, California
ECxlaeicruet iHveO Slteecnr etary Angwin, California Central Pacific Staff
Attorney Of Membership Norman C. SOIl~Dg
Washington, D.C. Ronald D. COple Physician Legal Consultant
Business St. Helena, California Bndley Litchfield
Treasurer Silver Spring, Maryland Columbia Attorney
Richard C. Olborn Of Promotion· E. Theodore Agard Washington, D.C.
Principal Richard B. Lewis, Jr. Radiation Physicist Secretary
Takoma Academy Advertising Kettering Medical Center Villette AndenOD
Takoma Park, Maryland Weston, Massachusetts .K ettering, Ohio Takoma Park, Maryland
Editor Of Special Projects Lake Systems Manager
Roy BraJIIOD GleanE •. Coe Donald Gillespie Don McNeil
Ethics, Kennedy Institute Attorney Health Care Admiilistratio~ Comp.uter Programmer
Georgetown University . Wes~ J:Iar.tford, Connecticut Stevensville, Michigan Spencerville, Maryland
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@ 1983 All rights reserved. address. Litho USA
1
In This Issue
Vol. 15, No.2, August 1984
From The Editor
A Church Of, By, and For the People Roy Branson 2
Articles
Women Pastors Begin Baptizing Judith P. Nembhard 7
Who Killed Azaria? Adventists on Trial in Australia Lowell T arling 14
Special Section: The Great Creation Debate
The Conservative Restoration at Geoscience Edward Lugenbeal 23
Fifty Years of Creationism: The Story of An Insider Richard Hammill 32
Odyssey of An Adventist Scientist . Roy Benton 46
Beyond Arithmetic: The Truth of CreatIOn F.E.]. Harder 54
Responses
About This Issue ministerial licenses in the Seventh-day Ad
ventist denomination. They have begun
1
F baptizing new members into the church. An
or many years, Ad
essay in this issue explores how this has
ventist scientists
taken place, and draws attention to some of
have met just before the annual meeting of
the many women in the history of the
the Geological Society of America. In t~e
Adventist church who have received minis
autumn of 1983, Richard Ritland and BIll
terial licenses.
Hughes, both members of the Andrews
Other changes coming in the church
University department of biology, orga
particularly its structure-continue to be
nized three days of lectures celebrating the
discussed in this issue. Some may justifiably
25th anniversary of the founding of the
wonder if questions about organization are
Adventist Geoscience Research Institute.
the most fundamental facing our church.
Ritland, a former director of the Institute,
But even apparently unrelated issues such as
and author of Search for Meaning in Nature: A
whether Adventist women may receive
New Look at Creation and Evolution, selected as
ministerial licenses become questions of
speakers several past members of the Insti
how much authority local conferences enjoy
tute. We thank Dr. Ritland and Dr. Hughes
in applying General Conference policy to
for permitting us to print the views of four
their regions.
who participated in the conference they
Finally, we introduce to our readers the
planned. Dr. Edward Lugenbeal contri~­
most celebrated murder case in the history
uted not only his own essay, but also hIs
of Australia. Those convicted of the crime
editorial skills and energy in preparing this
are faithful Adventists in good and regular
cluster of articles for publication.
standing. The second and concluding install
Women pastors in North Amer~ca ~a~e ment will appear in the next issue.
recently expanded the scope of theIr ~I~IS­
tl:Y,-·and~~te welL.on".the _w.ay.tQX~CelYJn~ -The.J~;(;ktgrs .
Prom the Editor
A Church Of, By
And
For the People
by Roy Branson
I
n a few weeks Adventism: the historical, the corporate,
Annual Council will and the representative. Recently, denomi
be asked by a commission chaired by Francis national leadership has had difficulty con
D. Wernick, vice president of the General tinuing to claim authority on the basis of
Conference, to recommend to the 1985 historical or corporate models. Careful
General Conference Session alterations in analysis of the structure of the church
the way the church carries out its business. reveals that denominational leaders can also
The reports of the commissions on church no longer say that their authority is based on
structure established by the Pacific and the church being representative. Now, the
North Pacific Unions, various local con higher the officers the less representative
ferences and the Association of Adventist their selection, and in a church that claims
Forums have already made a chorus of to be "truly representative," the less legiti
suggestions for improving the church (see mate their authority.
Spectrum, Vol. 14, No.4). What emerges at
General Conference must be more than
Historical Model
cosmetic, half-way measures. What is
necessary is nothing less than completely
reestablishing the basis for the authority of
church leadership. The historical model
Adventists want to respect their elected places authority in
leaders. But those officials themselves now the hands of those providing persuasive
wonder if they actually have the authority interpretations of the inspired writings on
they supposed. General Conference leaders which the church was founded. In early
could not remove union conference officials Adventism, those with the most convincing
involved with Davenport (see Spectrum, Vol. interpretations of the Bible were often
13, No.4). A local conference committee acknowledged as the leaders of the move-
has authorized granting ministerial licenses ment. Even Ellen White usually waited until
to women, even when some General James White and other students of Scripture
Conference officials objected (see pages 7 came to a consensus before she publicly
to 13). endorsed their views. After Ellen White's
Legitimation of authority differs accord- death, the president of the General Con-
ing to which model of the church prevails. ference, A.G. Daniells, continued to
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Volume 15, Number 2 3
knowledge of Ellen White's thinking. To a ment of public affairs, warned that the
significant degree, subsequent presidents Adventist church was more and more often
based their authority on conforming to Ellen being referred to as a corporation. The
White's writings, housed within the Ellen church, he said, must never forget that it is
G. White Estate at General Conference first and foremost a church, not a business.
headquarters. But Adventism, committed to spreading the
However, authority to interpret Scrip gospel as widely and rapidly as possible,
ture and the writings of Ellen White has easily puts premiums on the corporate
spread beyond the top administrators of the values of effectiveness and efficiency. Pas
denomination. Milestones include the pub tors and evangelists have long been eval
lica tion of the Seventh-day Adventist Bible Com uated in terms of numbers. The develop
mentary in the 1950s; it was clearly the work ment during the 1970s and 1980s of Adventist
of Adventist scholars, not church execu Health Systems, U.S.-the seventh largest
tives. Not only the establishment of a semi health system in America, after New York
nary, but the requirement in the 1960s that City's Municipal Health and Hospitals
every pastoral candidate in North America Corporation-provided the church with a
should be instructed by professors at the concrete example of how the corporate
Seminary, acknowledged the central role of model can foster growth. Aggressive con
theologians in the church. A small, quiet ference administrators listened more atten
committee on "defense literature" eventu tively to Adventist business executives and
ally became, in the 1970s, the Biblical began reading the literature of corporate
Research Institute, staffed and headed by America.
academics. The Glacier View Conference
Within such a framework, the church,
on Desmond Ford's theological views and
like the corporation, is understood as an
theological Consultations I and II in the
organization that must achieve clearly
1980s, relied on presentations by academics.
defined-even quantifiable-goals. The
Indeed, much of the subsequent controversy
church has a bottom line: baptisms, tithes
about those conferences revolved around
and offerings, and returns on investments.
just what the scholars attending them
Some conferences have adopted the no
actually said and believed. 1t .. --.--------. --
menclature of the corporation and now call .--~-
Over the last decade, interpretation of
their secretary and treasurer "vice president
Ellen White's writings has extended beyond
for administration" and "vice president for
the personnel of the White Estate at General
financial affairs." The emphasis subtly
Conference headquarters to trained his
underscores the hierarchical relation of all
torians at Adventist colleges writing to the
other officers to the president, rather than to
membership at large. However they may
the conference committee or constituency.
quarrel with a given professor, adminis
Indeed, hierarchical relationships are not so
trators have recognized that, increasingly,
much justified as they are assumed. If
church members consider trained academics
objectives are going to be achieved, de
to have authority in interpreting inspired
cisions sometimes need to be made quickly
writings, authority distinct from that of
by someone clearly in charge. If they prove
church executives.
to be right, an administrator is promoted to
Corporate Model a higher position, with more people im
plementing his decisions. If the decisions are
wrong, he is replaced.
A
t the 1983 Annual Management-by-objective, taken from
Council, B.B. Beach, corporate America, was adopted by pro
a former history professor, who now is the gressive church executives. Systems analysis
dir.ect'?£:;~2ft~~ .. Q~¥ra!.Conference. . de tart-. ... hashecQme,. . pQP.ularJ.Mote~s.ymhQJic.ally,. but
4 SPECTRUM
just as revealingly, local and union con tive form of government is that which pre
ference headquarters are built to the vails in the Seventh-day Adventist church."
dimensions of corporate headquarters. The It is not surprising that the founders of the
planned General Conference building is Seventh-day Adventist Church were com
being placed in an industrial park setting, mitted to a structure similar to that of the
next to several headquarters of corpora United states, a nation they thought God had
tions. The General Conference building, guided in its adoption of republicanism and a
after all, should be as impressive as any other constitution guaranteeing self-government
multinational organization with total assets to its citizens. when the church was much
of over $5 billion, larger than many Fortune smaller, fewer layers of administration
500 corporations. When church officials came between the members and the General
laud each other for their sacrifices on behalf Conference leadership. The will of mem
of the church, they do not refer to the bers could be expressed more directly than it
prominent non-Adventist pulpits or tele can be at present.
vision ministries they could have held, but to Now, if the church has a "representa
the high-salaried, corporate jobs they could tive form of government," it is a form
have filled. unknown to the democracies of Western
However, for the forseeable future, Europe, North America, or Australasia. At
church members in North America will not least six levels separate members from the
be able to respect church officials for their highest leaders of the church. * Members do
management skills. For one thing, members not choose delegates to local conference
have come to realize that in the area of constituencies of the unions; the local
publishing, hundreds of thousands of dollars conference committees make those selec
are lost every year because of duplication in tions. The delegates chosen by conference
Adventist printing facilities in North committees to union constituencies are
America and unimaginative means of distri predominately clergy (two-thirds to three
bution. If denominational leaders were to fourths are typical ratios). The union
persist in trying to rest their church committees elected are even more heavily
authority on their managerial acumen, there dominated by church employees, and in
is the Davenport case. Not only was so much North America, it is these clerical union
money lost in certain parts of North committees that select delegates to the
America that salary increases of pastors and General conference Sessiori. In preparation
teachers have been imperiled, but some of for the last General Conference in 1980, it
the most prominent leaders of the denomi was necessary to urge committees selecting
nation violated the minimum moral stan delegates to at least try to see that 10 percent
dards practiced in American corporations. of the delegates elected to the General
Conference Session were laypeople. Finally,
the General Conference Committee also
selects delegates. As recently as the 1975
Representative Model
General Conference Session, just those
delegates selected by the General Confer
ence comprised 40 percent of those eligible
R
ecent developments to vote at the General Conference Session.
make it difficult for The structure of the church beyond the
church leaders to find legitimation within local conference could be described as a
historical or corporate models, but the representative democracy only if one
present church structure also prevents them thought the United States could be called a
from truly "representing the world field." representative democracy if the governors
The Church Manual says that "a representa- of the 50 states ( e:l~_~te_~.Qy F~gEle the
Volume 15, Number 2 5
governors had helped to get their jobs), power, the more imperative it becomes that
together with their cabinets, designated denominational officials be democratically
their subordinates in the state governments elected. Greater concentration of power in
as 60 percent of the delegates to a fewer hands never prevents its abuse.
convention that elected the President of the Instead, those in power must be made
United States. The remaining 40 percent of accountable. The greater the ability of lay
the delegates would have been selected by members to determine which of their
the incumbent president, his staff, and
cabinet, or would be delegates because they
occupied certain positions in the federal Now, if the church has a "representa
government. Finally, the convention dele tive form of government, ,; it is a form
gates-all of whom belonged to one party unknown to the democracies of
would vote on only one name. Western Europe, North America, or
The parallel to the way the top leadership Australasia.
of the church is elected today is not Western
representative democracy. A closer com
parison is the forms of government found employees will lead them, the more in
in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formation members will have and the less
and the People's Republic of China. No likely the secret abuse of power will
doubt these governments achieve goals. But become.
whatever else those regimes are, they are Fortunately, a more representative
not representative democracies-neither is church structure will not only reflect the
the present structure of the Seventh-day will of its members; it will also allow leaders
Adventist Church. Right now, the members to be more effective. Denominational
of the church have virtually nothing to say leaders will be able to convince better well
about selecting those who decide denomina informed members to support major, long
tion-wide policies and the allocation of the overdue changes without threatening the
largest percentage of their tithes and unity of the church. Now, leaders some
----
offerings. times hesitate to take the decisive actions j
any corporate executive would put into
effect to improve the efficiency and effec
tiveness of his organization. (One example is
The Future
the long postponed reorganization of Ad
ventist publishing, including the role and
function of colporteurs.) A more represen
In the wake of the tative church will bring discussion into the
Davenport case, it open more quickly and force action earlier.
may be tempting for church leaders to The leadership of this denomination
recommend to the General Conference should be influential. But that influence can
Session that the central authority of the no longer be based on definitive interpreta
church should be strengthened; that, for tions of Scripture or the writings of Ellen G.
example, the General Conference Com Whi te. Nor, at least for a long time in North
mittee should be able to convene a meeting America, can leadership expect to be
of a union conference constituency, even if a followed because it enjoys a reputation for
recalcitrant union executive committee sound, corporate management.
objects. The fastest way for denominational
Certainly, duly-elected officials of the leaders to regain the widespread respect and I
church must have the power to carry out confidence of Adventist members is to go
Jh~ir_ __ re~EQ:n~ibjli!t~s.J?l1tthe g~~_Clt~r t~ei~ 4i.~ect!y_~t() _t_h~ p~()P!e:T ~a~~()~ey~~~~is,_
• .-'-~ ."'.~ .--:". <--. :.- . .•• ••. .••. • _. - •• -•• f
6 SPECTRUM
three basic changes need to be made in the important than institutional frameworks is
present structure of the church. the quality of life the family of faith
embodies-its sacrificial service to others,
• One step is to reduce the levels of powerful preaching, and moving theology.
administration between the members and But even if reforming structure is in
the General Conference (for example, in sufficient, it is necessary. How we act as a
North America, eliminating union confer group significantly defines our identify as
ences ). Adventists. Our structure must reflect and
• Another badly needed change is to see express our faith. Members should have an
that laypeople-those not employed by the equal opportunity to participate in selecting
denomination-comprise at least 50 percent those who lead the church because our
of constituencies electing officers at each fundamental beliefs affirm the equality of
level of the church, including the General members.
Conference Session. God the Creator gives all members a
• Third, and very importantly, delegates capacity to perceive truth, to know the
to the General Conference Session should good. Unfortunately, the freedom given by
be elected by local conference constituen the Creator allows us to reject Him, and to
CIes. dominate and manipulate others. All of us
have the capacity for insights; yet none
Adopting the three proposals made here even in the church-can be trusted with un
would overnight make the highest levels of checked power. God the Savior offers grace
the church leadership accountable to the to ,all, equally. All respond directly to the
membership, instead of a narrow group of offer of salvation; none is closer to God than
fellow employees. At the same time, another because of his or her position in the
General Conference leaders, since they church. God the Spirit came as tongues of
would be elected as directly by the people as fire to all the dis«iples, and the spirit now
any other level of church administrators, endows all believers with gifts, calling all to
would have greater assurance they do be part of the priesthood of believers. As our
indeed speak for the church. Protestant forebears insisted, members have
the right to participate in interpreting God's
will for the church; indeed, as much as any
I mproving the struc one, they are the church.
ture of the church We must renew the Protestant and Ad
will not by itself bring a resurgence of the ventist vision of a truly representative
Adventist movement-any more than re- church. We must be faithful to our heritage.
NOTES AND REFERENCES
*First level: Local conference constituency (electing Fourth level: Union conference executive committee
local conference officers and executive committee). (selecting delegates to General Conference Session).
Second level: Local conference conference executive Fifth level: General Conference Session (electing
committee (selecting members of union conference General Conference officers and General Conference
constituency). Committee ).
Third level: Union conference constituency (electing Sixth level: General Conference officers and General
union conference officers and executive committee). Conference Committee
W Olllen Pastors
Begin Baptizing
by Judith P. Nembhard
·
On Sabbath, Feb. 25, extent to which a local conference has the
1984, Marsha Frost authority to set policy in its own territory.
co-pastor of the Fairfax and Arlington, Va., In the North American Division, three
Seventh-day Adventist churches, baptized conferences (Potomac, Southern California,
Teresa Maria Castano, a young mother and Upper Columbia) employ a total of nine
whom Frost had led to Christ. Two weeks women ,as pastors. Daffern, Frost, and
later, on March 10, during the worship hour, Wiegand now hold commissioned minister
Jan Daffern, associate pastor of the Sligo licenses, a special license granted only to
Church, baptized Patty Parks, a 20-year-old women, and are ordained local elders. The
community college student with whom she women have ministerial training. Frost, a
had studied. Yet another baptism took place graduate of Southern College and valedic
on June 2 at the Beltsville Church when torian of her 1982 class at the Seventh-day
-j ,-------
Frances Wiegand, associate pastor" bap Adventist Theological Seminary, holds the
tized 18-year-old Mike Manimbo and four master of divinity degree. Wiegand grad
seventh-grade girls, all of whom had studied uated from Southern College with a bach
with her for several months. These baptisms elor of arts degree in religion and earned a
in the Washington metropolitan area, the master of arts in religion from the seminary
first by Adventist women in North Amer in 1979. Daffern will receive the master of
ica, have touched off much discussion and divinity degree from the Seminary this year.
debate in Adventist circles. The events have The three women have served from three to
generated little or no controversy among five years in the Potomac Conference.
pastors or in most local congregations; On Feb. 11, 1984, the Potomac Confer
however, some General Conference of ence Executive Committee authorized eight
ficials (several of whom attend the congre ordained local elders to perform baptisms.
gations involved) have protested strongly In taking this action, the executive com
against the baptisms. In fact, the baptisms mittee noted that
have posed more than the question of who
The Potomac Conference has given pastoral responsi
can baptize. They also raise the issue of the bilities to a number of individuals who are not cre
dentialed or licensed individuals. Therefore, the
Potomac Conference Committee approves the concept
(to grant permission to baptize) and authorizes
Judith P. Nembhard, assistant professor of English at administration to extend the permission to baptize to
Howard University, received a bachelor's from credentialed and licensed commissioned ministers who
Columbia Union College and her doctora te from the are assigned a pastoral responsibility. They must be a
~niv:~rsi ~oL --~ . 1~S3lel.d~rJsic) in-the,.chur-:ChLchun;hestow~ic~_t~ey: .-
8 SPECTRUM
are assigned and the authority to baptize is only valid studies with Patty Parks, a Montgomery
for the duration of their pastoral assignment.
College student who had been introduced to
In addition to the three women, the action Adventism by a student from Columbia
also involved five men who are ordained Union College. Then Patty, a Roman
local elders. On the strength of the Feb. 11 Catholic, decided to be baptized. The same
authorization, the female pastors proceeded executive committee action which had
with plans to baptize. allowed Frost to perform the earlier baptism
Marsha Frost met Teresa Castano served as the basis of Daffern's March 10
through Teresa's sister, who had been taking baptizing. In preparing to perform the rite,
Bible studies from Frost. Teresa, eight Daffern says she found both Sligo senior
months pregnant when she moved to the Pastor James Londis and Potomac Con
Arlington area from Minnesota, received ference President Ron Wisbey "very sup-
. "
much support from Frost. When Teresa portlve.
went into labor prematurely, Frost took her Neither Daffern nor Frost told their
to the hospital and, as Teresa's pastor, was candidates that they might not be able to
allowed to be with her during the Caesarean baptize them, and there was no build-up of
section delivery of her baby boy. Frost says tension before the event, the women point
that she and Teresa developed a bond which out. In the Arlington Church, according to
led to Teresa's decision to be baptized. She Frost, the focus was on Teresa. The service
would have felt personally "let down" if she took place at the vesper hour, and three
had not been allowed to baptize Teresa, church members-the church clerk, the
Frost now says, but adds that if the head elder, and the head deacon-wel
conference had not given its permission, she comed Teresa Castano into church fellow
still would have entered the baptismal water ship afterwards. The reaction has been
with Teresa. However, Frost's husband, overwhelmingly positive, says Frost. There
Jim, with whom she co-pastors, would have was no negative feedback from the 60 people
done the baptizing. who attended the service. The head elder
For three months J an Daffern held weekly remarked: "You know, there was some-
Women Ministers in Adventist History: An Overview
by Josephine Benton
S
pot-checking the Ad 1881, p. 392). The committee did not adopt the
ventist Yearbook for resolution but in 1904, five women in as many
every fifth year from 1910 through 1975 reveals 32 different conferences were listed as licensed minis
different women who were licensed ministers, some ters. If every year in the Yearbook were checked, one
of them serving over a period' of decades. Other can only guess what the total might be. The follow
women served as evangelists, pastors, missionaries, ing are only a few of the women who have held
and administrators. ministerial positions during the early years of the
The early categories of ministers were creden Seventh-day Adventist Church:
tialed (ordained) ministers, licensed ministers (licen • Dr. Caro: Dr. Caro was aNew Zealand dentist
tiates), and people who held the missionary license. with an excellent practice. Ellen White wrote of
At the General Conference Session of 1881, the her: "She is a queenly woman, tall, and every way
delegates voted that the following resolution be proportioned. Sister Caro not only does her busi
passed on to the General Conference committee for ness, but she has a ministerial license and bears
study: "Resolved that females possessing the neces many burdens in their church at Napier" (Manu
sary qualifications to fill that position may, with script 22, 1893, p. 2).
perfect propriety, be set apart by ordination to the • Minnie Sype: Mrs. Sype was an evangelist
work of Christian ministry" (Review Herald, Dec.20, whose husband was listed as a credentialed inis-