Between Empire and Nation: Muslim Reform in the Balkans PDF
Preview Between Empire and Nation: Muslim Reform in the Balkans
Between Empire and Nation Stanford Studies on Central and Eastern Europe Edited by Norman Naimark and Larry Wolff Between Empire and Nation Muslim Reform in the Balkans Milena B. Methodieva Stanford University Press Stanford, California Stanford University Press Stanford, California © 2021 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permis- sion of Stanford University Press. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Methodieva, Milena B., author. Title: Between empire and nation : Muslim reform in the Balkans / Milena B. Methodieva. Other titles: Stanford studies on Central and Eastern Europe. Description: Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 2021. | Series: Stanford studies on Central and Eastern Europe | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2020021108 (print) | LCCN 2020021109 (ebook) | ISBN 9781503613379 (cloth) | ISBN 9781503614130 (ebook) Subjects: lcsh: Muslims—Political activity—Bulgaria—History— 19th century. | Nationalism—Bulgaria—History—19th century. | Group identity—Bulgaria—History—19th century. | Bulgaria— Politics and government—1878-1944. | Turkey—History— Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918. Classification: LCC DR64.2.M8 M47 2021 (print) | LCC DR64.2.M8 (ebook) | DDC 949.9/022—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020021108 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020021109 Cover photograph: The Banya Başı mosque in Sofia, 1917. NBKM – BIA, C II 1225. Cover design: Jordan Wannemacher Typeset by Kevin Barrett Kane in 11/13.5 Adobe Garamond Pro Table of Contents Acknowledgments vii Dates, Place Names, Currencies, Translations ix Map of Bulgaria in 1886 x Introduction 1 1 The Ottoman Imperial Context 11 2 Untangling from Empire 33 3 Doing Away With Empire 72 4 A Quiet Upheaval 101 5 Negotiating Modernity 136 6 Navigating Politics 178 7 Homeland, Nation, and Community 211 Conclusion 234 Abbreviations 239 Notes 241 Bibliography 303 Index 321 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments I would like to start by thanking my advisor at Princeton University Şükrü Hanioğlu, as well as Stephen Kotkin, for their guidance, encouragement, and feedback. I am also particularly grateful to Kate Fleet and the Skilliter Centre for Ottoman Studies at Newnham College, the University of Cambridge, for giving me the opportunity be part of a lively intellectual environment while I was working on this book manuscript. My conversations with Ebru Boyar were particularly stimulating. Research was carried out in a number of institutions; I would like to thank the following archives and libraries and their staff: the (then) Prime Ministry Ottoman Archive in Istanbul; the Central State Archive and the National Library SS. Cyril and Methodius, particularly the Manuscripts and Old Printed Books Department, in Sofia; the State Archive in Vidin; the Ivan Vazov public library in Plovdiv; the Hakkı Tarık Us library, the Beyazıd library, and Atatürk Kitaplığı in Istanbul; the Firestone Library at Princeton University; and the Robarts Library at the University of Toronto. I must also thank the owners of the private archive of the Şefkat kıraathane for giving me access to the collection. Along the way I have benefitted from the help and friendship of many men- tors, colleagues, and friends. Rossitsa Gradeva has been a wonderful mentor and supporter. Nikolay Antov, Grigor Boykov, Maria Kiprovska, and Orlin Sǔbev were not only great friends but also helped me in various ways. Zorka Ivanova brought out treasures of documents for me. Peter Holquist offered encourage- ment and shared some ideas about his ongoing research on the Russian occupa- tion of Bulgaria. I am grateful to several colleagues as the University of Toronto. viii Acknowledgments Victor Ostapchuk read parts of this manuscript and offered feedback; he has also been a very supportive colleague. Jens Hanssen provided help and invaluable feedback on the general direction of this project. Jennifer L. Jenkins and Lynne Viola helped me in various ways. I would also want to thank the two anonymous manuscript reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions. Some material in chapter 5 originally appeared in my “Muslim Culture, Re- form and Patriotism: Staging Namık Kemal in Post-Ottoman Bulgaria (1878– 1908),” in Ebru Boyar and Kate Fleet, Eds., Entertainment Among the Ottomans (Leiden: Brill, 2019), 208–24. I thank Brill Publishers for allowing me to use it. Figure 1 is reproduced with permission of the National Library SS. Cyril and Methodius; figures 2, 4, and 5 are courtesy of the Hakkı Tarık Us library. It has been a pleasure to work with Stanford University Press. I would like to thank Margo Irvin for her interest and guidance, as well as the entire production team of the press. I am honored that this project was appreciated by the series editors Norman Naimark and Larry Wolff. My biggest debt is of a personal nature. My husband, Spyros, and daughter, Elena, offered endless love and support, particularly through some testing times, and put up with my long hours of work. My in-laws, Eleni and Aris, were always there for me. The greatest debt I owe to my mother, Tatiana, who, unfortunately, did not live to know about the completion of this book, and to my grandmother, Radka. Without their love and support I would have not even embarked upon this road. This book is dedicated to them. Dates, Place Names, Currencies, Translations At the time the Ottoman bureaucracy used the lunar Hicri and the Rumi cal- endars; so did Bulgaria’s Muslims in the sources they produced. Bulgaria used the Julian calendar. For simplicity, all dates in this book have been converted to the Gregorian calendar. For places located in Bulgaria, this book uses the Bulgarian version of names common at the time: for example, Kurtbunar instead of Tervel. For places in the Ottoman Empire, it uses the Ottoman names: for example, Edirne rather than Adrianople or Odrin. The national currency of Bulgaria—lev (sg.), leva (pl.)—was roughly equal to the French frank during the period under consideration. Contemporary sources occasionally used the two currencies interchangeably. All translations are the author’s unless otherwise specified.
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