Bernard Bolzano: His Life and Work

702 Pages·2019·8.204 MB·English

by  Paul Rusnock, Jan Sebestik

Bernard Bolzano

Bernard Bolzano
His Life and Work
Paul Rusnock and Jan Šebestík
1
1
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Dedicatedto thememoryofAnnaHoffmann

CONTENTS
ANoteonCitations xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Preface xvii
Chronology xx
Extracts xxxi
Introduction 1
1 Bolzano’sLife 5
1. TheHistoricalContext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
(a) TheRestoration oftheSciencesinBohemia . . . . . . . . 14
(b) TheCzechNationalRevival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2. TheYoungBolzano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3. PræceptorBohemiæ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4. TheMathematician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5. Troubles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6. TheHoffmanns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7. TheTeˇchobuzInstitute forAdvancedStudy . . . . . . . . . . 68
8. LastYears: ReturntoPrague . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2 Ethics 83
1. TheHighestMoralLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2. DutiesandRights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3. TheCultivationofVirtue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4. TheEthicsofBelief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3 PoliticalPhilosophy 105
1. TheBestState . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
(a) GeneralOrganization, Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
(b) SocialInstitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
(c) EconomicInstitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2. PrinciplesandAimsofPoliticalReform . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
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BernardBolzano: HisLifeandWork
4 PhilosophyofReligion 139
1. Bolzano’sConceptofReligion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
2. FigurativeorSymbolicDoctrines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3. SourcesofReligiousBelief: NaturalandRevealedReligion . . 157
4. TheConceptofRevelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5 CatholicismandtheCatholicChurch 167
1. NaturalReligion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
2. Catholicism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3. HowistheContentofCatholicism Determined? . . . . . . . . 170
4. RevelationandMiracles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5. UniversalConsensusandRevelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6. AuthorityintheChurch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6 Logic 187
1. Bolzano’sLogicalWritings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
2. TheScopeofBolzano’sLogic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
3. LogicalObjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4. Propositions andIdeas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
5. TheNatureofIdeas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
(a) IdeasandtheirObjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
(b) TheIndividuation ofIdeas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
(c) TheLogicofClasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
(d) SimpleandComplexIdeas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
(e) ObjectlessIdeas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
(f) Intuitions andConcepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
(g) Representing Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
(h) Representing NaturalKinds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
(i) Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
6. Contributions totheAnalysisofPropositions . . . . . . . . . . 243
(a) OntheFormandContentofPropositions . . . . . . . . . 245
(b) TheSubject–Predicate Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
(c) Truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
(d) TemporalDeterminations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
(e) Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
(f) ExistenceandObjectuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
(g) Negation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
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Contents
(h) Categorical StatementForms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
(i) Disjunctions andConditionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
(j) PurelyConceptual andIntuitional Propositions . . . . . . 271
(k) Necessity, Possibility, andContingency . . . . . . . . . . 272
(l) Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
7. Bolzano’sVariationLogic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
(a) Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
(b) Variation, Substitution, andForm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
(c) Analyticity andRelatedNotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
(d) Consequence andRelatedNotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
8. Ground–Consequence andtheObjectiveConnection
betweenTruths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
9. SciencesandtheirTreatises: TheTheoryofScienceProper . . 331
10.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
7 TheoryofKnowledge 337
1. TheElementsofBolzano’s TheoryofKnowledge . . . . . . . 342
(a) SubjectiveIdeasandJudgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
(b) Intuitions andConcepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
(c) Individuation; EqualIdeas;Clarity,Distinctness, and
Vividness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
(d) Judgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
(e) MediatedandImmediateJudgments . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
(f) AprioriandEmpiricalJudgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
2. Knowledge,Ignorance, Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
3. Certainty, Probability, andConfidence;Knowledgeand
Belief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
4. Wissen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
5. JudgmentsofExperience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
6. BolzanoonKant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
8 OntologyandMetaphysics 405
1. ObjectsinGeneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
2. Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
3. Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
(a) Origins: UniversalMathematics(1810) . . . . . . . . . . 417
(b) Bolzano’sLaterTheoryofCollections . . . . . . . . . . . 422
4. Identity, Equality, Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
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