Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability 8/10: The Americas and Oceania - Assessing Sustainability

372 Pages·2012·33.908 MB·English

by  Ray C. Anderson (editor)

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The Americas and Oceania: Assessing Sustainability provides extensive coverage of sustainability practices in
two regions linked culturally and historically by their relative isolation before the Columbian exchange, by
u s T a i n a b i l i T y
their colonization after it, and by the challenges of pollution, resource overuse, and environmental degrada- 8
tion. Regional experts and international scholars focus on environmental history in areas such as the South
Pacific islands, now threatened by rising ocean levels due to climate change, and on countries whose govern-
ments and corporations can play a major role in promoting or discouraging sustainable choices: Brazil, an
emergent power on the world stage; the United States, the world’s third most populous nation after China and
India; and New Zealand, seemingly on its way to becoming an enviable model of sustainable development.
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A groundbreaking interdisciplinary resource for 21st-century students and professionals,
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providing the knowledge and solutions we need to transform our common future.

Environmental quality • Environmental protection • Sustainable development
HC79.E5B4576 2010 / 338.9’2703—dc22 volume
Berkshire Publishing specializes in international relations,
cross-cultural communication, global business and eco- 8
nomic information, and environmental sustainability.
BERKSHIRE A global point of reference
BERKSHIRE
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Editors Sara G. Beavis, Th e Australian National University; Michael L. Dougherty, Illinois State University;
Tirso Gonzales, University of British Columbia Okanagan
BERKSHIRE
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VOLUME 8
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Editors Sara G. Beavis, Th e Australian National University; Michael L. Dougherty, Illinois State University;
Tirso Gonzales, University of British Columbia Okanagan

Th e darkened areas on this map indicate regions covered in this volume.
© 2012 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Berkshire encyclopedia of sustainability: / Th e Americas and Oceania: Assessing sustainability, edited by Sara G. Beavis, Michael
L. Dougherty, and Tirso Gonzales.
v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: vol. 8. Th e Americas and Oceania: Assessing sustainability —
ISBN 978-1-933782-18-8 (vol. 8 print : alk. paper)
1. Environmental quality—Encyclopedias. 2. Environmental protection—Encyclopedias. 3. Sustainable development—
Encyclopedias. I. Beavis, Sara. II. Dougherty, Michael. III. Gonzales, Tirso.
Berkshire encyclopedia of sustainability (10 volumes) / edited by Ray Anderson et al.
10 v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-933782-01-0 (10 volumes : alk. paper) — 978-1-933782-00-3 (10 volumes e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-15-7 (vol. 1 print:
alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-57-7 (vol. 1 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-13-3 (vol. 2 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-55-3
(vol. 2 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-14-0 (vol. 3 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-56-0 (vol. 3 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-
12-6 (vol. 4 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-54-6 (vol. 4 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-16-4 (vol. 5 print : alk. paper) — ISBN
978-1-933782-09-6 (vol. 5 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-40-9 (vol. 6 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-9770159-0-0 (vol. 6 e-book) —
ISBN 978-1-933782-69-0 (vol. 7 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-72-0 (vol. 7 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-18-8 (vol. 8 print:
alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-73-7 (vol. 8 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-19-5 (vol. 9 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-74-4
(vol. 9 e-book) — ISBN 978-1-933782-63-8 (vol. 10 print : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-933782-75-1 (vol. 10 e-book)
1. Environmental quality—Encyclopedias. 2. Environmental protection—Encyclopedias. 3. Sustainable development—
Encyclopedias. I. Anderson, Ray, et al.
HC79.E5B4576 2010
338.992703—dc22 2009035114
Editors
Composition and Indexing
Aptara, Inc.
Editors
Printer
Sara G. Beavis
Th omson-Shore, Inc.
Th e Australian National University
Michael L. Dougherty
Image Credits
Illinois State University
Tirso Gonzales
Front cover photo by Carl Kurtz.
University of British Columbia Okanagan
Inset cover photo is of Silk Caye in the Gladden Spit and
Associate Editor s
Silk Cayes Marine Reserve (GSSCMR), Belize. Photo
Ricardo Braun
Centre for Environmental Analysis ( Nasa ) by Liz Wilkes.
Muhammad Aurang Zeb Mughal Engraving illustrations of plants and insects by Maria
Durham University Sibylla Merian (1647–1717).
Mark Wilson
Photos used at the beginning of each section:
Northumbria University
Advisory Board A. Yellow fl owers, Belize . Photo by Liz Wilkes.
Ray C. Anderson, Interface, Inc.; Lester R. Brown, Earth
Policy Institute; Eric Freyfogle, U niversity of Illinois, B. Queen angelfi sh, Flower Garden Banks National
Urbana-Champaign; Luis Gomez-Echeverri, U nited
Marine Sanctuary, Gulf of Mexico. Photo by Joyce
Nations Development Programme; Daniel M. Kammen,
University of California, Berkeley; Ashok Khosla, and Frank Burek. National Oceanic & Atmospheric
International Union for Conservation of Nature; Christine
Administration (NOAA).
Loh, Civic Exchange, Hong Kong; Sunita Narain, C enter
for Science and Environment; Cheryl Oakes, Duke
C. R ed fl owers, Belize. Photo by Liz Wilkes.
University
D. Community gardens, Detroit, Michigan, USA. Photo
by Larissa Larsen.
Production Staff
E. G rand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA. Photo
Publisher by Amy Siever.
Karen Christensen
F. Iguana in a tree, Belize. Photo by Liz Wilkes.
Project Coordinator
G. S and castle on Lake Michigan beach, Frankfort, Michigan,
Bill Siever
USA. Photo courtesy of United States Environmental
Copyeditors
Mary Bagg
Protection Agency Great Lakes National Program
Kathy Brock
Elaine Coveney offi ce.
Cindy Crumrine
L. F ence line, Huaraz, Peru. Photo by Ellie Johnston.
Carolyn Haley
Elizabeth Laederich M. I sla de Janitzio, former fi shing village, key site for Day of
Kristen Osborne
Elma Sanders the Dead, Mexico. Photo by Karen Christensen.
Heidi Sias
N. Bladder campions, McAllister Park, Great Barrington,
Catherine Skeen
Vali Tamm Massachusetts, USA. Photo by Amy Siever.
Susan Walker
O. Kepirohi Waterfall, Pohnpei, Federated States of
Editorial Assistants
Ellie Johnston Micronesia. Photo by James Sellmann.
Ginger Nielsen-Reed
P. A erial mountain view, Belize . Photo by Liz Wilkes.
Amanda Prigge
Design
Anna Myers
Information Management
Trevor Young
continued on next page
V
VI • THE BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SUSTAINABILITY: THE AMERICAS AND OCEANIA: ASSESSING SUSTAINABILITY
R. Copacabana beach from Sugarloaf, Rio de Janeiro, States. Photo courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space
Brazil. Photo by Liz Wilkes. Flight Center Scientifi c Visualization Studio.
S. Dandelions on Max Patch Bald, North Carolina, USA. V. V iew of Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada. Photo
Photo by Ellie Johnston. by Ernest Yanarella.
T. G rasses, Heart Lake, Yellowstone National Park, W. Ephemeral pool, White Mountains , New Hampshire ,
Wyoming, USA. Photo by Amy Siever. US A. Photo by Ellie Johnston.
U. E arth at Night 2001. Human-made lights highlight Y. F lathead valley, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by
particularly developed or populated areas of the Earth ’ s Harvey Locke.
surface, including the seaboards of the eastern United
Contents
Map of the World ii–iii
List of Entries vii i – x
Reader’s Guide xi–xiii
List of Contributors xiv–xviii
Series List: The Encyclopedia of Sustainability xix
Introduction xx–xxv
“Agriculture, Tropical (the Americas)” through “Yellowstone
to Yukon Conservation Initiative (Y2Y)” 1– 338
Index 339– 344
VII
List of Entries
A Central America
Agriculture, Tropical (the Americas) Chesapeake Bay
Amazon River Columbia River
Amazonia Corporate Accountability
Andes Mountains Curitiba, Brazil
Appalachian Mountains
D
Architecture
Detroit, United States
Auckland, New Zealand
Australia E
E-Waste
B
Ecotourism (the Americas)
Bogotá, Colombia
Ecovillages
Brazil
Energy Effi ciency
C F
Canada Fair Trade
Caribbean Forest Management
VIII