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Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology SeriesEditor RamPrasad,DepartmentofBotany,MahatmaGandhiCentralUniversity,Motihari, Bihar,India Innovative and novel advances in microbial biotechnology are providing great understandings in to the machineries of nature, presenting fascinating prospects to apply principles of biology to different arenas of science. Sustainable elucidations are emerging to address the concerns on improving crop productivity through microbes, depleting natural resources, environmental pollution, microbial degrada- tion of pollutants, nanomaterials, nanotoxicity & safety issues, safety of food & agriculturalproductsetc.Simultaneously,thereisanincreasingdemandfornatural bio-products of therapeutic and industrial significance (in the areas of healthcare, environmental remediation, microbial biotechnology). Growing awareness and an increasedattentiononenvironmentalissuessuchasclimatechange,energyuse,and lossofnon-renewableresourceshavecarriedoutasuperiorqualityforresearchthat provides potential solutions to these problems. Emerging microbiome approaches potentially can significantly increase agriculture productivity & human healthcare andhenceforthcancontributetomeetseveralsustainabledevelopmentgoals. The main objectives have provided an impetus for research on plants and microorganismsthatproducenovelbio-productswithvariablepropertiesandunder- standingtheirmechanismsofactionatcellularandmolecularlevel.Hence,research activities of the environmental and microbial Biotechnology are comprehensively focused up on major sectors viz., bioresources, biorefining, bioremediation of organic and inorganic pollutants, environmental risk analysis of microorganisms, environmental assessment using microbiological indicators, enzymes for environment, food & industrial applications, nanomaterials & nanotoxicity, sustainable ecobiotechnology, biofertilizer, biocontrol agents for agriculture improvement and naturalproductsforhealthcareapplications. This book series is a state-of-the-art for a wide range of scientists, researchers, students, policy makers and academician involve in understanding and implementing the knowledge on environmental and microbial biotechnology to develop biologics for proper health care to continue life in smooth and sustainable strategywithoutanyadverseeffect. (cid:129) Ram Prasad Shi-Hong Zhang Editors fi Bene cial Microorganisms in Agriculture Editors RamPrasad Shi-HongZhang DepartmentofBotany TheKeyLaboratoryofExtreme-environmental MahatmaGandhiUniversity Microbiology(LiaoningProvince),Collegeof Motihari,Bihar,India PlantProtection ShenyangAgriculturalUniversity Shenyang,Liaoning,China ISSN2662-1681 ISSN2662-169X (electronic) EnvironmentalandMicrobialBiotechnology ISBN978-981-19-0732-6 ISBN978-981-19-0733-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0733-3 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface “Wealsoknowthereareknownunknowns.Thatistosay,weknowtherearesome things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns, the ones we don’t knowwedon’tknow”saidbyDonaldHenryRumsfeld,U.S.SecretaryofDefense, at the Iraq Weapons of Mass Destruction Press Conference. To microorganisms, theirrolesinagricultureseemtobeuncertainandoverneglected. Inthelonghistory,peoplehavebeenenjoyingthematerialcycleandecological balance promoted by microbial metabolism. The emergence of chemical fertilizers andpesticides,liketheHiroshimaAtomicBomb,hasbrokenthesilenceofecolog- ical balance. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are double-edged swords for agriculture. And indeed, according to statistical data from UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s RepublicofChina(MOA),fertilizercontributesnearly50%totheincreaseofworld crop production, and pesticide use saves about 40% of the world’s total crop production (MOA 2015, FAO 2015). However, fertilizers and pesticides lead to unwantedconsequences,suchasdegradedsoilfertility,excessivepesticideresidues, andagriculturalnon-pointsourcepollution.Particularly,excessiveuseofpesticides and fertilizers influences the safety of the ecological environment and agricultural production, and further threatens human health and sustainable agricultural development. People are crazy to pursue the pleasure brought by ultra-high output of cropsbuthavetostandthecostofunhealthyfood.Withfiniteresources,thepressure ofthegrowingglobalpopulation,andhumanphysicalandmentalhealth,weneeda plantostimulateactioninareasofcriticalimportanceforagriculture. In September 2015, the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals.FordevelopingcountrieswithlargepopulationssuchasChinaandIndia,this initiativehasfar-reachingsignificance.Inordertodeeplyunderstandtheconnotation of thehigh-quality development ofgreen agriculture and implementthe ecological concept of “Nature is the true treasure” and in order to promote the pace of ecologicalcivilizationinthedevelopingcountriesandacceleratetherapiddevelop- ment of global modern agriculture, the International Symposium on Soil Fertility Improvement and Ecological Restoration in the Great Bend of Yellow River— v vi Preface Onsite Meeting for the Green Circulating Agriculture Based on Organic Fertilizer from Decomposed Straw was held in Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia, on July 31,2019.Themainthemeoftheconferenceis“Green,Cyclic,HealthandSustain- ability.”Fortunately,webothwereinvitedtoattendandmakekeynotespeechesat the conference. The Yellow River has bred the Chinese national culture, and the GreatBendofYellowRiver(HetaoinChinese)haslaidthematerialfoundationof China.“Harmfulsometimetheyellowriverflooding,butmakeswealthinthegreat bend.” However, in today’s Hetao, fertile fields disappeared, instead of which salt thorns are clustered. This is caused by man-made and unscientific farming system, especiallytheover-utilityofchemicalfertilizers,pesticides, andsecondarydisaster byfloodirrigation.Asfungalbiotechnologists,ourresearch hasdirectapplications thatcontributetowardssolvingtheseproblems.Duringtheconference,wediscussed thatabookshouldbepublishedtoemphasizetheroleofbeneficialmicroorganisms inagriculture. Modernagricultureshouldbesufficient,organic,andhealthyagriculture.World agriculture is rapidly stepping into scale, intensiveness, and modernization. Cer- tainly not limited to China, there are many technical problems facing in the development of modern agriculture, among which the problems of soil conservation tillage and fertility upgrading, and harmless treatment of crop straw and efficient utilization are the most urgent ones. Human beings have always benefited from beneficial microorganisms, but we don’t turn a blind eye to them until today. Therefore, a safe alternative to fertilizers and pesticides is becoming increasingly urgent. Bacteriaandfungiarebeneficialforplants,theenvironment,andevenacrossall aspects of human life. Soil microbes are vital for decomposing organic matter and recyclingplantwastematerial.Somesoilbacteriaandfungiformrelationshipswith plant roots that provide important nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, or micronutrients. Fungi/plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can colonize rhizo- sphereregionofplantsandprovidenumerousbenefits,includingdroughttolerance, heattolerance,resistancetoinsects,andresistancetoplantdiseases.Besides,some endophyticmicrobescolonizeinplantrootstobringforththebenefits. Plantgrowthandproductivity(PGP)isprofoundlyinfluencedbytheinteractions between plant roots and the surrounding soil, including the microbial populations within the soil. The plant rhizosphere harbors microorganisms that may have positive,negative,ornovisibleeffectonplantgrowth.Althoughmostrhizospheric microbes appear to be benign, deleterious microorganisms include pathogens and microbes producing toxins that inhibit root growth or those that remove essential substances from the soil. By contrast, the main mechanisms for plant growth promotion include suppression of disease (biocontrol); enhancement of nutrient availability; and production of plant hormones. Studies of PGP microbes indicate thatmultifunctionalityisahallmarkofthemostbeneficial. The indigenous rhizosphericmicrobialpopulation ofagricultural soils isimpor- tantlyinfluencedbyagriculturalpractices,cropplantspecies,cultivarandgenotype, aswellassoiltype.Plantexudatesmaycausechangestosoilcharacteristicssuchas pH and nutrient availability, impacting the diversity and activity of microbial Preface vii populations. Bioaugmentation, the addition of microbes to agricultural soils, thus becomes a valuable influence on soil microbial processes. In light of this, the potential for successful application of biofertilization, biocontrol, and phytostimulationinplantproductionsystemshasattractedmoreandmoreattention. Without a doubt, microorganisms offer numerous applications in sustainable environmentalbiotechnology;however,many oftheprocessesstillhavenotfound industrialapplicationsorreceivedtheattentiontheydeserve.Itisclearthatdespite the advances more researches are required to realize the potential of sustainable fungalenvironmentalbiotechnology.Wesincerelyhopethisbookcontributestothe body of knowledge of sustainable agricultural applications of microorganism and servesasausefulreferenceforanyagronomistsandmicrologistswhoworktogether with this fascinating group of organisms to improve the welfare of our planet and mankind. Motihari,Bihar,India RamPrasad Shenyang,Liaoning,China Shi-HongZhang Contents 1 MolecularApproachesofMicrobialDiversityinAgricultural Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 BelmaNuralYaman,PınarAytarÇelik,BlaiseMangaEnuh, andAhmetÇabuk 2 MicroorganismsUsedasGrowthRegulatorsinModern Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 SandraPérez-Álvarez,EduardoFidelHéctorArdisana, MarcoAntonioMagallanes-Tapia,CesarMarcialEscobedoBonilla, CrescencioUrìasGarcia,MelisaMagañaGonzález, MaríaAntoniaFlores-Cordova,andSergioGuerrero-Morales 3 Microbes-MediatedApproachesforImprovingPlant ProductivityandQuality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 JyotiSrivastava,ShulbhiVerma,andKrishnaSrivastava 4 MicrobialFertilizerasanAlternativetoChemicalFertilizer inModernAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 KiranBala 5 PhosphateSolubilizingMicroorganisms:PotentialBioinoculants forSustainableAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 SonalBhardwaj,RajeshKaushal,PrakritiJhilta,AnchalRana, andBhawnaDipta 6 ArbuscularMycorrhizalFungi:ANext-GenerationBiofertilizer forSustainableAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 ArtiSharma,NeelamP.Negi,ParulNarwal,PunamKumari, andDeepakKumar ix x Contents 7 FungalEndophytes:PotentialBenefitsofTheirFutureUse inPlantStressToleranceandAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 DeepakBhaskarShelke,MahadevR.Chambhare, andHiralalSonawane 8 MiningthePotentialandBiodiversityofTrichoderma intheDomainofAgriculture. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 211 DishaChangela,KetakiRamani,KrutiDangar,KishanVachhani, MihirRaval,andAshishKalasava 9 CurrentApproachesforAlleviatingAbioticStressTolerance inCrops:RoleofBeneficialMicroorganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 SahanaBasu,SujoySarkar,RamPrasad,andGautamKumar 10 RoleofEngineeredMicrobesinSustainableAgriculture. . . . . . . . . 249 BlaiseMangaEnuhandPınarAytarÇelik 11 ExtremeMicroorganismsforSustainableAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . 271 WeiYi,ZhangZiyu,HuangYuqian,RamPrasad, andShi-HongZhang 12 MolecularBasisofStress-TolerantGenesinExtreme Microorganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 WeiYi,ZhangZiyu,LiFeng-Lan,andShi-HongZhang 13 CelluloseDegradationMicroorganismsand Environmental-FriendlySolutiontotheAgriculturalWaste Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 WeiYi,ZhangZiyu,YuShujun,LiangHao,AliNoman, andShi-HongZhang 14 EffectsofMicrobialSignalinginPlantGrowth andDevelopment. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 329 SahanaBasu,PreetiPriyadarshini,RamPrasad,andGautamKumar Editors and Contributors About the Editors Ram Prasad, Ph.D is associated with the Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India. His research interest includes applied and environmental microbiology, plant– microbe interactions, sustainable agriculture, and nanobiotechnology.Dr.Prasadhasmorethan215pub- licationstohiscredit,includingresearchpapers,review articles and book chapters and six patents issued or pending, and edited or authored several books. Dr.Prasadhas12yearsofteachingexperienceandhas been awarded the Young Scientist Award and Prof. J.S. Datta Munshi Gold Medal by the International SocietyforEcologicalCommunications;FSABfellow- ship by the Society for Applied Biotechnology; the American Cancer Society UICC International Fellow- shipforBeginningInvestigators,USA;theOutstanding Scientist Award in the field of Microbiology by Venus InternationalFoundation;BRICPLScienceInvestigator AwardandResearchExcellenceAward,etc.Previously, Dr. Prasad served as Assistant Professor at Amity Uni- versity, Uttar Pradesh, India; Visiting Assistant Profes- sor, Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; and Research Associate Professor at the School of Environmental Science and Engineering, SunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou,China. xi