Beneath the Arches

324 Pages·2014·63.84 MB·English

by  Brian Rosa

Beneath
 the
 Arches:

Re-­‐appropriating
 the
 Spaces
 of

Infrastructure
 in
 Manchester

A
 thesis
 submitted
 to
 the
 University
 of
 Manchester
 for
 the
 degree
 of

Doctor
 of
 Philosophy
 in
 the
 Faculty
 of
 Humanities

2013

Brian
 Rosa

Department
 of
 Geography

School
 of
 Environment,
 Education
 and
 Development
Table
 of
 Contents

Table
 of
 Contents
 ...................................................................................................................
 2

Table
 of
 Figures
 ......................................................................................................................
 7

Appendices
 ............................................................................................................................
 13

List
 of
 Acronyms
 and
 Abbreviations
 .............................................................................
 14

Abstract
 ...................................................................................................................................
 15

Declaration
 ............................................................................................................................
 16

Copyright
 Statement
 ...........................................................................................................
 16

Acknowledgements
 .............................................................................................................
 17

Chapter
 1:
 Introduction
 .....................................................................................................
 18

Chapter
 2:
 The
 Tension
 of
 Fixity
 and
 Motion:
 Theorising
 Urban
 Infrastructure

from
 the
 Ground
 Up
 ............................................................................................................
 30

2.1
  Introduction
 ........................................................................................................................
 30

2.2
  Theorising
 Urban
 Infrastructure:
 Relational
 Conceptualisations
 ....................
 31

2.3
  Grounding
 Infrastructure:
 Spaces
 and
 Landscapes
 of
 Infrastructure
 as
 a

Distinctive
 Category
 .....................................................................................................................
 34

2.3.1
  Indeterminacy
 and
 the
 Residual
 Spaces
 of
 Infrastructure
 ........................................
 38

2.4
  Analysing
 the
 Social
 Production
 of
 the
 Urban
 Built
 Environment:
 Political

and
 Symbolic
 Economy
 ...............................................................................................................
 40

2.4.1
  Landscape
 and
 Symbolic
 Economy
 ......................................................................................
 44

2.5
  Conclusion,
 Or,
 What
 it
 Means
 to
 Rethink
 Infrastructure
 from
 Below
 ............
 48

Chapter
 3:
 Exploring
 the
 Discursive
 Production
 of
 the
 Built
 Environment:
 A

Mixed-­‐Method,
 Case
 Study
 Approach
 ...........................................................................
 50

3.1
  Introduction
 ........................................................................................................................
 50

3.2
  A
 Mixed
 Method,
 Case
 Study
 Approach
 ......................................................................
 51

3.2.1
  Critical
 Discourse
 Analysis
 ......................................................................................................
 52

3.3
  Interpretive
 Context:

 The
 Southern
 Fringe
 of
 Manchester
 as
 a
 Case
 Study
 ..
 55

3.4
  Methods
 of
 Data
 Collection
 .............................................................................................
 58

  2
3.4.1
  Preliminary
 Desk
 Research
 .....................................................................................................
 59

3.4.2
  ‘Helicopter
 Interviews’
 ..............................................................................................................
 59

3.4.3
  Archival
 Research
 ........................................................................................................................
 60

3.4.4
  Semi-­‐Structured
 Interviews
 with
 ‘Key
 Players’
 ..............................................................
 62

3.4.5
  Interviews
 and
 informal
 discussions
 with
 owners,
 employees
 and
 patrons
 of

businesses
 operating
 from
 railway
 arches
 ......................................................................................
 68

3.4.6
  Visual
 Methods:
 Photographic
 Surveys
 ..............................................................................
 70

3.4.7
  Ethnographic
 Research
 .............................................................................................................
 71

3.5
  Methods
 of
 Data
 Analysis
 ................................................................................................
 72

3.6
  Limitations
 ...........................................................................................................................
 74

3.7
  Conclusion
 ............................................................................................................................
 76

Chapter
 4:
 The
 Spatial
 Impacts
 and
 Social
 Costs
 of
 the
 Elevated
 Railway
 in

Industrial
 Manchester:
 1830
 to
 1945
 ...........................................................................
 77

4.1
  Introduction
 ........................................................................................................................
 77

4.2
  “Like
 a
 Spider’s
 Web”:
 The
 Railway
 and
 Urbanisation
 in
 Manchester,
 1830-­‐
1899
 78

4.3
  Creative
 Destruction:
 On
 the
 Railways
 ‘Smashing
 their
 Way
 Through’

Manchester
 .....................................................................................................................................
 81

4.3.1
  The
 Destructiveness
 of
 the
 Railway:
 Slum
 Clearance
 as
 Elite
 Consensus
 ...........
 85

4.4
  Railways
 and
 the
 Mutual
 Constitution
 of
 Slums
 and
 Suburbs
 ............................
 90

4.5
  Railway
 Viaducts
 and
 their
 Aftermath:
 The
 Southern
 Fringe
 of
 Manchester

and
 the
 Persistence
 of
 Dereliction,
 1835-­‐1945
 ..................................................................
 93

4.5.1
  The
 Construction
 of
 the
 MSJ
 Viaduct
 ...................................................................................
 93

4.5.2
  Confirming
 Dereliction
 and
 Stagnant
 Property
 Values
 ...............................................
 96

4.5.3
  ‘Improvements’
 of
 the
 Late
 1800s
 as
 Proto-­‐‘Regeneration’
 Strategies
 ................
 98

4.5.4
  The
 1945
 Nicholas
 Plan
 .........................................................................................................
 102

4.6
  Conclusion
 ..........................................................................................................................
 104

Chapter
 5:
 Underneath
 the
 Arches:
 Cultural
 Representations
 of
 Urban

Railway
 Viaducts
 and
 their
 Arches
 .............................................................................
 105

5.1
  Introduction
 ......................................................................................................................
 105

5.2
  Viaducts
 as
 Scenography:

 From
 the
 Infrastructural
 Sublime
 to
 Banal

Backdrops
 (and
 Back
 Again)
 ..................................................................................................
 106

  3
5.2.1
  Backdrop
 to
 Working
 Class
 Life
 .........................................................................................
 113

5.3
  Looking
 Down
 on
 the
 City
 .............................................................................................
 118

5.4
  Beneath
 the
 Arches:
 The
 Underside
 of
 Modernity
 ...............................................
 121

5.4.1
  The
 Lock-­‐up:
 Dodgy
 Dealings
 and
 the
 Workingman’s
 Milieu
 ................................
 126

5.4.2
  The
 Urban
 Gothic
 ......................................................................................................................
 131

5.5
  Commodifying
 a
 Negative
 Image
 ................................................................................
 133

5.6
  This
 City
 Wall
 ....................................................................................................................
 136

5.7
  Conclusion
 ..........................................................................................................................
 137

Chapter
 6:
 Railway
 Viaducts
 as
 Monuments:
 Heritage,
 Design,
 and

Revalorisation
 in
 Castlefield,
 Manchester
 ...............................................................
 139

6.1
  Introduction
 ......................................................................................................................
 139

6.2
  The
 Rise
 of
 Industrial
 Heritage
 ...................................................................................
 140

6.3
  Castlefield
 ...........................................................................................................................
 144

6.4
  1967-­‐1978:

 The
 Rising
 Cultural
 Value
 of
 Castlefield
 as
 a
 Heritage
 Landscape

  147

6.5
  1978-­‐1988:
 The
 Emergence
 of
 a
 New
 Tourist
 Landscape
 ..................................
 149

6.6
  1988-­‐1996:
 Commodifying
 the
 Heritage
 Landscape:
 The
 Central
 Manchester

Development
 Corporation
 and
 the
 Reimaging
 of
 the
 Castlefield
 Basin
 ...................
 154

6.7
  1996-­‐Present:
 The
 Limits
 of
 Heritage
 and
 ‘Killing
 Castlefield’
 ........................
 165

6.8
  Discussion:

 Castlefield
 and
 the
 Contradictions
 of
 Treating
 Infrastructure
 as

Heritage
 .........................................................................................................................................
 172

Chapter
 7:
 From
 Reluctant
 Rentiers
 to
 Structural
 Speculators:
 Railway
 Arches

as
 Property
 Estate
 ............................................................................................................
 177

7.1
  Introduction
 ......................................................................................................................
 177

7.2
  The
 Ownership
 of
 Railway
 Arches
 in
 Manchester
 ................................................
 178

7.3
  Railway
 Arches:

 Residual
 Spaces
 of
 Infrastructure
 as
 Commercial
 Property

  180

7.4
  Changing
 Ownership
 Regimes,
 Management
 Strategies,
 and
 Public
 Sector

Intervention
 in
 Manchester’s
 Railway
 Arches
 ..................................................................
 182

7.4.1
  1969-­‐1985:

 Shedding
 Surplus
 Property
 and
 Entering
 the
 Market
 ....................
 183

7.4.2
  1985-­‐1993:
 Refurbishment
 and
 Industrial
 Upgrading
 ............................................
 184

  4
7.5
  Making
 Spacia:
 Privatisation
 and
 Strategic
 Shifts
 of
 Railway
 Arch

Management,
 1993-­‐2002
 .........................................................................................................
 190

7.5.1
  Network
 Rail:
 From
 Reluctant
 Rentier
 to
 Structural
 Speculator
 (and
 Back

Again):
 2002-­‐present
 ..............................................................................................................................
 193

7.5.1.1
  Examining
 the
 Slowdown
 of
 Railway
 Arch
 Refurbishment
 ............................................
 195

7.6
  Conclusion
 ..........................................................................................................................
 197

Chapter
 8:
 Infrastructure
 as
 Barrier
 to
 Commercial
 Expansion:
 Reinventing

Gaythorn
 ..............................................................................................................................
 200

8.1
  Introduction
 ......................................................................................................................
 200

8.2
  Where
 is
 the
 City
 Centre
 and
 Why
 Does
 it
 Need
 to
 Expand?
 .............................
 201

8.2.1
  The
 Imperative
 for
 Growth:
 Economic
 Restructuring
 and
 Neoliberal

Expansionism
 .............................................................................................................................................
 203

8.3
  Reinventing
 Gaythorn:

 Attempts
 to
 Create
 “A
 New
 City
 Centre

Neighbourhood”
 on
 the
 “Wrong
 Side
 of
 the
 Tracks”
 .......................................................
 208

8.3.1
  Introducing
 the
 Site
 .................................................................................................................
 208

8.4
  A
 Barrier
 to
 Whom
 (and
 What)?

 The
 Permeability
 Fix
 ......................................
 231

8.5
  Conclusion
 ..........................................................................................................................
 234

Chapter
 9:
 Narrating
 the
 Symbolic
 Economy
 of
 Railway
 Arches:
 From

Industrial
 Gentrification
 to
 Post-­‐Industrial
 Aestheticisation
 ...........................
 237

9.1
  Introduction
 ......................................................................................................................
 237

9.2
  Contextualising
 Gentrification
 ....................................................................................
 239

9.2.1
  The
 Specificity
 of
 Industrial
 Gentrification
 ....................................................................
 241

9.3
  Industrial
 Displacement
 as
 Entrepreneurial
 State
 Strategy:
 Tracing
 Policy
 in

Manchester
 ...................................................................................................................................
 243

9.3.1
  From
 Industrial
 Displacement
 to
 Industrial
 Gentrification
 ...................................
 245

9.4
  The
 Central
 Role
 of
 Culture
 and
 Aestheticisation
 in
 the
 Invention
 of
 the
 Post-­‐
Industrial
 Railway
 Arch
 ............................................................................................................
 247

9.4.1
  The
 Countercultural
 Narrative
 of
 the
 Corridor’s
 Reinvention
 ..............................
 249

9.4.2
  Competing
 Images
 of
 Transgression,
 Pacification,
 and
 Indoctrination
 of
 Culture

along
 WSW
 ..................................................................................................................................................
 257

9.4.3
  Consuming
 the
 Postindustrial
 Aesthetic:
 Loft
 Living
 and
 Railway
 Arch
 Chic

(1993-­‐2003)
 ...............................................................................................................................................
 261

  5
9.5
  The
 Height
 of
 Railway
 Arch
 Chic
 and
 the
 Rise
 of
 the
 ‘Independents’
 .............
 267

9.6
  The
 Shift
 from
 the
 “Independents”
 to
 the
 “Corporates”
 and
 the

Mainstreaming
 of
 the
 Corridor:
 2002-­‐2011
 ......................................................................
 274

9.7
  A
 New
 Wave
 of
 Industrial
 Gentrification?

 2011-­‐present
 ..................................
 278

9.8
  Conclusions
 ........................................................................................................................
 283

Chapter
 10:
 Conclusions
 .................................................................................................
 285

10.1
  Results
 and
 Key
 Contributions
 .................................................................................
 285

10.2
  Limitations
 ......................................................................................................................
 291

10.3
  Areas
 for
 Further
 Research:
 Striking
 a
 Chord
 .....................................................
 293

Bibliography
 .......................................................................................................................
 296

Word
 Count:
 87,414

  6
Table
 of
 Figures

Figure
 1:

 Map
 of
 Manchester
 city
 centre
 and
 its
 elevated
 railway
 infrastructure,
 including
 the

boundaries
 of
 the
 study
 area
 in
 relation
 to
 the
 boundaries
 of
 the
 Central
 Manchester
 Development

Corporation,
 2013.

 Image
 source:
 Graham
 Bowden,
 University
 of
 Manchester
 Cartographic
 Unit.
 ____
 56

Figure
 2:

 Map
 of
 three
 case
 study
 sub-­‐areas
 within
 southern
 fringe
 study
 area,
 2013.

 Image
 source:

Graham
 Bowden,
 University
 of
 Manchester
 Cartographic
 Unit.
 ___________________________________________
 58

Figure
 3:

 Table
 of
 interviewees
 and
 their
 institutional
 positions
 _________________________________________
 67

Figure
 4:

 The
 Manchester
 railway
 network,
 1910.

 Image
 source:
 Railway
 Clearing
 House.
 ___________
 81

Figure
 5:

 Workers
 constructing
 railway
 viaducts,
 1903.

 Image
 source:
 transportarchive.org.uk
 _____
 81

Figure
 6:

 “Railway
 Engineering,
 Victoria
 Railway
 Arch,”
 1850.

 Image
 source:

 Local
 Image
 Collection,

MCC.
 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 84

Figure
 7:

 “The
 Stockport
 Viaduct,
 just
 south
 of
 Manchester,”
 1910.
 Often
 considered
 the
 largest
 brick

structure
 in
 Europe,
 this
 viaduct
 was
 constructed
 by
 the
 Manchester
 &
 Birmingham
 Railway
 from
 1837

to
 1840.

 Image
 source:
 Greater
 Manchester
 County
 Records
 Office.
 _____________________________________
 84

Figure
 8:
 A
 cropped
 selection
 from
 1904
 map
 of
 housing
 conditions.

 Grey
 signifies
 business
 premises,

while
 the
 conditions
 of
 housing
 are
 represented
 in
 a
 gradient
 from
 dark
 brown
 to
 yellow
 (dark
 brown

being
 slums).

 Image
 source:
 Marr
 (1904).
 _________________________________________________________________
 88

Figure
 9:

 “Duke
 St.,
 Brick
 arch
 railway
 bridge,”
 1900.

 Terraced
 housing
 backing
 up
 to
 the
 MSJ
 viaduct

in
 Castlefield,
 with
 viaduct
 leading
 to
 Central
 Station
 passing
 above.
 Image
 source:
 Local
 Image

Collection,
 MCC.
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________
 89

Figure
 10:

 “Ivy
 Street,
 near
 Liverpool
 Road,”
 1900.

 Image
 source:

 Local
 Image
 Collection,
 MCC.
 _____
 89

Figure
 11:

 “Models
 of
 Manchester:
 Faucher,
 Engels
 and
 Marr
 (based
 on
 information
 in
 Faucher,
 1969;

Engels,
 1969;
 Marr,
 1904).”

 Image
 source:
 Dennis
 1984,
 p.82.
 ___________________________________________
 92

Figure
 12:

 Housing
 clustered
 around
 the
 MSJ
 viaduct
 two
 years
 after
 its
 completion,
 1851.
 Image

source:
 Ordnance
 Survey.
 ____________________________________________________________________________________
 95

Figure
 13:

 “Bugle
 Street
 off
 Gaythorne
 [sic]
 St.,
 Knott
 Mill,”
 1896.

 Due
 to
 note
 on
 bottom
 left,
 it

appears
 that
 this
 image
 was
 created
 as
 a
 record
 for
 city
 council
 as
 part
 of
 the
 compulsory
 purchase

process.

 Image
 source:

 Greater
 Manchester
 County
 Records
 Office.
 _____________________________________
 99

Figure
 14:
 A.
 Bradburn,

 “Canals,
 Rochdale
 Canal,
 looking
 towards
 central
 station
 city,
 Manchester,”

1902.

 Image
 depicts
 the
 demolition
 of
 houses
 along
 Rochdale
 Canal
 associated
 with
 the
 creation
 of

WSW.
 Image
 source:
 Local
 Image
 Collection,
 MCC.
 ______________________________________________________
 100

Figure
 15:

 Zoomed
 selection
 from
 Marr’s
 map
 of
 slums
 in
 Manchester.

 Brown
 represents
 slum
 housing,

with
 the
 MSJ
 viaduct
 and
 Central
 Station
 at
 the
 top.

 Image
 source:
 Marr,
 1904.
 ______________________
 102

Figure
 16:

 “New
 Iron
 Railway
 Viaduct
 at
 Manchester,”
 1851.
 Original
 description
 from
 the
 Illustrated

London
 News
 reads
 “This
 stupendous
 Viaduct
 …carries
 the
 railway
 traffic
 over
 the
 good-­‐station
 of

  7
those
 Companies,
 with
 which
 it
 communicates
 by
 hoists.
 It
 consists
 of
 an
 immense
 platform…
 supported

by
 large
 cast-­‐iron
 girders
 resting
 on
 Doric
 columns.”

 Image
 source:

http://www.victorianweb.org/periodicals/iln/26.html.
 ________________________________________________
 109

Figure
 17:

 S.G.
 Hughes,
 after
 T.T.
 Bury.

 “Entrance
 Into
 Manchester
 Across
 Water
 Street,”
 1831.

 Image

source:
 Science
 &
 Society
 Picture
 Library,
 image
 No.
 10302187.
 _______________________________________
 109

Figure
 18:

 Image
 from
 1945
 Nicholas
 Plan
 exemplifying
 the
 dreariness
 of
 railway
 viaducts.

 Image

source:

 Nicholas
 (1945).
 __________________________________________________________________________________
 111

Figure
 19:

 John
 Phillips.
 “52438
 leads
 the
 Old
 Manchester
 Railtour
 Around
 the
 Ardwick
 Jn-­‐Midland
 Jn

Curve,”
 1956.

 Image
 source:
 http://flickr.com/photos/72213853@N03/6956300260/.
 _____________
 113

Figure
 20:

 Auguste
 Valette.

 “York
 Street
 Leading
 to
 Charles
 Street,”
 1913.

 Image
 source:
 Manchester

Art
 Gallery.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 115

Figure
 21:

 L.S.
 Lowry,
 “The
 Viaduct,
 Store
 Street,
 Manchester,”
 1929.

 The
 mill
 and
 chimney
 in
 the

background,
 as
 well
 as
 the
 viaduct
 itself,
 have
 since
 been
 demolished.

 Image
 source:

 Manchester
 City

Art
 Gallery.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 116

Figure
 22:
 L.S.
 Lowry,
 “The
 Viaduct,
 Stockport,”
 1969-­‐1972.

 Image
 source:

http://www.tate.org.uk/art/images/work/P/P03/P03279_10.jpg
 ____________________________________
 117

Figure
 23:

 Gustave
 Doré,
 “Over
 London
 by
 Rail,”
 1872.

 Image
 source:
 Science
 &
 Society
 Picture

Library.
 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
 120

Figure
 24:
 Augustus
 Egg.

 “Past
 and
 Present,
 No.
 3,”
 1858.

 Image
 source:

http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/egg-­‐past-­‐and-­‐present-­‐no-­‐3-­‐n03280.
 __________________________
 123

Figure
 25:
 1932
 Cover
 of
 Flanagan
 and
 Allen
 sheet
 music
 published
 by
 Campbell,
 Connelly
 &
 Co.
 Ltd,

reused
 under
 fair
 use
 under
 United
 States
 copyright
 law.

 Image
 Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Underneath_the_Arches_sheet_music.jpg
 _________________________
 124

Figure
 26:

 Alf
 Tupper
 helps
 a
 man
 with
 a
 broken-­‐down
 lorry.

 Image
 source:

http://www.toughofthetrack.net/
 ________________________________________________________________________
 128

Figure
 27:
 “The
 Other
 Side
 of
 the
 Street.”

 A
 map
 of
 Coronation
 Street’s
 imaginary
 geography
 in
 1975.

Image
 source:
 Corriepedia
 http://coronationstreet.wikia.com/wiki/File:Coronation-­‐street-­‐map-­‐
1975.jpg
 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
 130

Figure
 28:
 Scene
 from
 crime
 scene
 investigation
 in
 Prime
 Suspect.

 Image
 source:
 screen
 capture
 by

Brian
 Rosa.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 132

Figure
 29:

 Screen
 capture
 from
 Network
 Rail
 Property’s
 Location
 Library
 website.

 Image
 source:

http://filming.networkrail.co.uk/locationlibrary.aspx.
 _________________________________________________
 134

Figure
 30
 Screen
 capture
 from
 Network
 Rail
 Property’s
 Location
 Library.

 Image
 source:

http://filming.networkrail.co.uk/locationlibrary/backbromleystreet.aspx?t=1&theme_22=on.
 _____
 135

Figure
 31:

 Image
 from
 Peel
 Location
 Guide.

 Image
 source:
 Peel
 (2011).
 ______________________________
 136

  8
Figure
 32:

 1889
 Goad
 insurance
 map
 of
 the
 Castlefield
 Basin.

 Image
 source:
 Digital
 Archives

Association
 CD-­‐ROM,
 accessed
 at
 the
 Map
 Library
 of
 the
 John
 Rylands
 University
 Library,
 Manchester.

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 144

Figure
 33:
 “Rochdale
 Canal,”
 1974.

 Image
 source:
 Salford
 Local
 History
 Library.

http://www.transportarchive.org.uk/getobject.php?rnum=T2384&searchitem=manchester&mtv=T2&
pnum=7.
 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
 149

Figure
 34:

 Aerial
 photograph
 of
 Castlefield,
 1989.

 Image
 source:

 Royal
 Commission
 on
 the
 Historic

Monuments
 of
 England,
 courtesy
 of
 the
 Greater
 Manchester
 Archaeological
 Unit.
 ____________________
 153

Figure
 35:

 An
 illustrated
 aerial
 view
 of
 Castlefield’s
 future
 landscape,
 1989.

 Image
 source:
 LDR

International/CMDC
 (1989).
 ______________________________________________________________________________
 154

Figure
 36:

 Map
 of
 Castlefield,
 including
 railway
 lines
 and
 the
 boundaries
 of
 the
 Conservation
 area
 and

Urban
 Heritage
 Park,
 1998.

 Image
 source:
 Gibson
 and
 Hardman
 (1998,
 p.42).
 _______________________
 155

Figure
 37:

 Recommendation
 for
 railway
 arch
 infill
 from
 Design
 Guidelines.

 Image
 source:
 LDR

International/CMDC
 (1989).
 ______________________________________________________________________________
 157

Figure
 38:

 Pedestrian
 movement
 diagram
 in
 Liverpool
 Road
 Environmental
 Improvement
 Strategy,

1990.

 Image
 source:

 DEGW/CMDC
 (1990).
 _____________________________________________________________
 159

Figure
 39:

 Illustration
 of
 possible
 choices
 for
 viaduct
 signage
 in
 a
 Castlefield
 branding
 exercise,
 1994.

Image
 source:
 L&R
 Leisure
 (1994)
 ________________________________________________________________________
 160

Figure
 40:

 Castlefield
 Junction,
 viewed
 from
 a
 train
 window,
 1990.

 Note
 the
 signage
 for
 the
 Southern

&
 Darwent
 timber
 merchants,
 who
 were
 soon
 to
 be
 displaced
 from
 their
 canal
 side
 location.

 Image

source:
 Derek
 Brumhead.
 __________________________________________________________________________________
 161

Figure
 41:

 Executives
 from
 the
 CMDC
 reviewing
 their
 model
 of
 Castlefield’s
 future,
 1989.

 Image

source:
 CMDC
 (1990a).
 ____________________________________________________________________________________
 162

Figure
 42:

 A
 new
 viaduct
 for
 the
 Metrolink
 tram
 clad
 in
 ‘fake’
 brick
 arches,
 2010.

 Image
 source:
 Brian

Rosa.
 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 164

Figure
 43:

 Map
 from
 1998
 Castlefield
 Guide.

 Image
 source:
 Law
 (2007).
 _____________________________
 165

Figure
 44:

 The
 Twisted
 Med,
 the
 café-­‐bar
 that
 succeed
 Barça
 at
 Catalan
 Square,
 2010.

 Image
 source:

Brian
 Rosa.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 167

Figure
 45:

 Recommendations
 on
 the
 visual
 framing
 of
 Castlefield’s
 viaducts
 in
 the
 Water
 Street

Strategic
 Regeneration
 Framework,
 2010.

 Image
 source:
 AECOM
 et.al.
 (2010).
 ______________________
 174

Figure
 46:

 A
 Typical
 Railway
 Arch
 Cross-­‐section.

 Image
 source:
 Hendey
 (1987).
 ____________________
 178

Figure
 47:

 An
 example
 of
 an
 un-­‐refurbished
 lock-­‐up
 in
 one
 of
 the
 “scruffy
 bits”:
 Ardwick,
 Manchester,

2010.

 Image
 source:
 Brian
 Rosa.
 _________________________________________________________________________
 182

Figure
 48:

 1985
 BRPB
 ad.

 Image
 source:
 Glasgow
 Herald
 (1985).
 ____________________________________
 186

Figure
 49:
 The
 Spacia
 conversion
 of
 an
 auto
 repair
 garage
 into
 a
 letting
 agency,
 2000.

 Image
 source:

Len
 Grant.
 __________________________________________________________________________________________________
 192

  9
Figure
 50:

 Cover
 of
 Spacia
 Corporate
 Overview,
 approximately
 2006.

 Image
 source:
 Spacia
 (no
 date).

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 193

Figure
 51:

 Breakdown
 of
 Spacia’s
 commercial
 properties
 by
 rental
 values
 and
 occupier
 type,
 circa

approximately
 2006.

 Most,
 but
 not
 all,
 of
 these
 properties
 are
 railway
 arches.

 Image
 source:
 Spacia

(no
 date).
 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
 194

Figure
 52:

 The
 description
 and
 visual
 imagery
 of
 railway
 viaducts
 as
 boundaries
 in
 the
 City
 Centre

Map.

 Source:

 City
 and
 Council
 Borough
 of
 Manchester
 (1967).
 ________________________________________
 202

Figure
 53:
 The
 entire
 area
 of
 the
 city
 centre
 between
 the
 MSJ
 viaduct
 and
 the
 Mancunian
 Way
 were

exclusively
 of
 industrial
 and
 distribution-­‐based
 land
 uses,
 with
 the
 exception
 of
 the
 educational

precincts
 and
 new
 BBC
 headquarters
 on
 Oxford
 Road
 and
 the
 newly
 built
 University
 of
 Manchester

Institute
 of
 Science
 and
 Technology
 campus.

 Equally
 striking
 is
 the
 clarity
 in
 which
 the
 railway

viaducts
 hemmed
 in
 the
 zones
 of
 shopping,
 offices,
 and
 recreational
 and
 cultural
 uses
 of
 the
 city
 centre.

Image
 Source:
 City
 and
 Council
 Borough
 of
 Manchester
 (1967).
 _______________________________________
 203

Figure
 54:

 An
 image
 of
 Manchester
 City
 Centre’s
 ‘Evolving
 Central
 Core’
 as
 consensually
 agreed
 by

MCC,
 property
 developers,
 architects
 and
 surveyors
 as
 presented
 in
 the
 2008
 Whitworth
 Street
 West

Strategic
 Regeneration
 Framework.

 The
 MSJ
 viaduct
 is
 the
 curving
 black
 line
 at
 the
 southern
 edge
 of

the
 2008
 central
 core.

 Unfortunately,
 the
 image
 in
 the
 publicly
 available
 PDF
 is
 of
 low
 resolution.

Source:

 HKR
 Architects
 et
 al.
 (2008).
 ____________________________________________________________________
 207

Figure
 55:

 “Aerial
 Views,
 Hulme,
 Medlock
 Street
 District,
 Gaythorn
 Gas
 Works,
 Aerial
 view,

Manchester,”
 1930.
 Image
 depicts
 MSJ
 viaduct
 diagonally
 from
 top
 right
 to
 centre
 left.

 Gaythorn

Gasworks
 and
 MacIntosh
 Mills
 can
 be
 seen
 to
 the
 South
 of
 the
 viaduct,
 with
 the
 limits
 of
 the

commercial
 city
 centre
 ending
 abruptly
 at
 the
 viaduct.

 Image
 source:
 Local
 Image
 Collection,
 MCC
 208

Figure
 56:

 Gaythorn
 sub-­‐area
 of
 the
 1984
 City
 Centre
 local
 plan.

 Northern
 Boundary
 is
 defined
 by
 the

MSJ
 viaduct.

 Image
 source:

 MCC
 (1984).
 ________________________________________________________________
 209

Figure
 57:

 Planning
 sub-­‐areas
 for
 the
 1984
 City
 Centre
 Local
 Plan.

 The
 MSJ
 viaduct
 not
 only
 defines

the
 boundary
 between
 sub-­‐areas
 20
 and
 21,
 but
 also
 between
 19
 and
 18,
 22
 and
 23,
 and
 part
 of
 17
 and

15.

 Image
 source:

 MCC
 (1984).
 __________________________________________________________________________
 210

Figure
 58:

 The
 Gaythorn
 Site
 in
 the
 late
 1980s,
 after
 arches
 were
 cleared
 but
 before
 environmental

remediation.

 Image
 source:

 CMDC
 (1996).
 ______________________________________________________________
 210

Figure
 59:

 A
 new
 walkway
 along
 the
 opened
 arches
 on
 Gaythorn
 site,
 circa
 approximately
 1991.

Image
 source:
 CMDC
 (1992).
 ______________________________________________________________________________
 211

Figure
 60:

 Plaque
 affixed
 to
 the
 MSJ
 viaduct
 at
 the
 former
 site
 of
 Artworks
 from
 the
 Gasworks,
 2012.

Image
 source:
 Brian
 Rosa.
 _________________________________________________________________________________
 213

Figure
 61:

 One
 of
 the
 ‘Artworks
 from
 the
 Gasworks’
 installations,
 circa
 early
 1990s.

 Image
 source:

Aidan
 O’Rourke.
 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
 214

  10