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Benchmarks for Science Literacy PDF

446 Pages·1993·87.335 MB·English
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H MA K S LITE RACY R CIE CE A ' I ' A - • j j M f. T '' I <, I P Of ECT ! P no J E c T 2 o 6 I uhool-dis/ttraimarsljl i rI11t1 11c1o1n1futrr n1u9e8,9 . 1 8 Chapter THE NA T U R E 0 F S C IE N C E J Ch11pter THE DESIGNED WORLD 181 A THE SCIENTIFIC WORLD VIEW 5 A AGRICULTURE 183 8 SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY 9 D MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING 187 2 c THE SCIENCE ENTERPRISE 14 c ECNOEMRMGUYN SIoCuARTcIOENs AND UsE 192 196 Chapter TH E NA TU R E 0 F MATH E MA T IC S 23 D INFORMATION PROCESSING 200 PATTERNS AND RELATIONSHIPS 25 E AB MATHEMATICS, Sc1ENCE AND TECHNOLOGY JO 9 F HEALTH TECHNOLOGY 204 THE MATHEMATICAL WORLD 3 C MATHEMATICAL INQUIRY ]4 Chapter NUMBERS 210 209 Chapter T HE N AT U RE 0 F TE C HN 0 L 0 G Y 41 A SYMBOLIC TECHNOLOGY ANO SCIENCE 43 8 RELATIONSHIPS 215 Chapter 4 T H EAc8 P HDITS EYHSUS ESIE GUSI N NCI NAIAV NTED RLE SC SEHYS SNE T6OE1TLM OTSG YI 4N 85J G 59 Chapter 10 HIScDET 0RSU HRENAACIPSECEORSNT A IANL2IGN2 2T PY2 E312 R26S PECTIVES 237 A DISPLACING THE EARTH FROM THE THE EARTH 66 A 8 CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE 239 PROCESSES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH 71 c UNITING THE HEAVENS AND EARTH 242 STRUCTURE OF MATTER 75 8 D RELATING MATTER ENERGY ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS 81 c &. E AND TIME&. SPACE MOTION 87 244 GF FORCES OF NATURE 93 D EXTENDING TIME 246 5 E MOVING THE CONTINENTS 247 Chapter T H E L IV I N G E NV I R 0 N M E N T 99 F UNDERSTANDING FIRE 249 A DIVERSITY OF LIFE JOI G SPLITTING THE ATOM 252 8 HEREDITY 106 H EXPLAINING THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE 254 c CELLS 110 D1scovERING GERMS 256 D INTERDEPENDENCE OF LIFE 115 H HARNESSING POWER 258 l l E FLOW OF MATTER AND ENERGY 118 Chapter COMMON THEMES EVOLUTION OF LIFE 122 6 F A SYSTEMS 262 Chapter T H E H U M AN 0 R G AN I S M 8 MODELS 267 A A HUMAN IDENTITY 128 C CONSTANCY AND CH NGE 27r 8 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 131 D SCALE 276 c BASIC FUNCTIONS 135 Chapter 12 HABITS OF MIND 7 FED PMLEHEAYNRSTINCAIALNL GH HE1EA3AL9 LTTHH 14147 3 AB VCMAAOLMNUPIEPUSTU ALAATNTIDIOON AN A TANTNDIDT E UODSBTESISEM RAV2T8AI4TO INO N 28289 2 c Chapter HUMAN SOCIETY 151 D COMMUNICATION SKILLS 295 A CULTURAL EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOR 15J E CRITICAL-RESPONSE SKILLS 298 B GROUP BEHAVIOR 157 \ c SocJAL CHANGE 161 D SOCIAL TRADE-OFFS 164 E POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 167 F SOCIAL CONFLICT 171 GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE 175 G Pr oject 2061 has been worlcing since 1985 to produce set of a tools that will help reform education in science, mathematics, and technology-including both the design of local curriculum and the educational system in which curriculum unfolds. Each tool derives from the earlier ones and is meant to be used with them in planning reform. Sciencef or All Americans and Benchmarks far Science Literacy are available now. Other Project 2061 tools shown in the diagram are in preparation. SCIENCE FOk ALL A�u:a1cANS RE S O U R C E S BENCHMARKS FOk Sc1Y.NCE LITERACY CURRICULUM BLOCKS CURRICULUMMO DELS D ESIG NS FOil SCIENCE LITERACY INSTRUCTION AssESSMENT RESEARCH BLUEPRINTS CONSULTANTS F O R RE F O R M FEDERAL/STATE UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY J Bus NESS I CURRICULUM DESIG N E D U C A T I O N SY S T E M \ B E N c H M A R K s SCIE NCE LITE R AC Y F 0 R PROJECT 2061 AMERICAN Assoc1ATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF Sc1ENCE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK OXFORD r993 OXFORD UNJVERSITY PRESS Ox FORD EW YORK TORONTO DELHI BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI KUALA LuMPUR SINGAPORE HoNG KoNG TOKYO DAR ES SALAAM CAPE TowN NAIROBI MELBOURNE AUCKLAND MADRID AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES IN BERLIN IBADAN Copyright© 1993 by American Association for the Advancement of Science First published in 1993 by Oxford University Press, Inc., 200 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 1993 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Benchmarks for science literacy. p. cm. "Project 2061, American Association for the Advancement of Science." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-508986-3 1. Science- tudy and reaching-United States. 2. Mathematics-Study and teaching-United States. 3. Engineering-Study and teaching-United States. I. Project 2061 (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Ql 83.3.AlB46 1993 507' .1'273-dc20 93-39107 246897531 Printed United Stares of America in the acid-free paper on TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE VII ABOUT BENCHMARKS XI BENCHMARKS 1 THE NATURE OF SCIENCE J 2 THE NATURE 0 F MATHEMATICS 1J 3 THE NATURE 0 F TECHNOLOGY ./I 4 THE PHYSICAL SETTING 59 5 THE LI v ING ENVIRONMENT 99 6 THE HUMAN ORGANISM 127 7 HUMAN Soc1ETY 151 8 THE DESIGNED WORLD 181 9 THE MATHEMATICAL WORLD 109 10 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 11 COMMON THEMES 12 H A 8 I T s 0 F MI N D BACKROUND 13 T H E 0 RI G I N 0 F BE N C HM A RK S )DJ 14 ISSUES AND LANGUAGE JI! 15 T H E RE s E A R cH BA s E J17 16 B E y 0 ND BE Nc H MARK s J79 PARTICIPANTS INDEX PROJECT 2061 FU N DERS CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK Jo1·1N D. AND CATHERINE T. MACARTHUR FouNoATION ANDREW W. MELLON FOUNDATION RoBERT N. NoycE FouNDATION THE PEW CHARITABLE TRUSTS INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION CALIFORNIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF EouCATION TEXAS EouCATION AGENCY W1sc0Ns1N DEPARTMENT OF PueL1c INSTRUCTION TheA mericaAns sociatfiootrnh eA dvancemeonfSt c ience wishetsoe xpreistsgs r atittuodt ehe m ajofru ndelriss taebdo vaen d tot hem anyo thebru sinesses, schooanld i dnidsitvriidcwuthasol,c s o ntributed toP roje2c06t1 andt hew orkl eaditnogt hirse port. Theo piniofnisn,d incgosn,c lusions. andr ecommendations eixnpB renechsmsaerksdfa r Science Literacy aret hosoef P roje2c06t1 andd on otn eceasr ilrye flect thev iewosf t hesoer ganizations.

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