being an asian american male is really hard actually - Deep Blue PDF
Preview being an asian american male is really hard actually - Deep Blue
“BEING AN ASIAN AMERICAN MALE IS REALLY HARD ACTUALLY”: CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY OF ASIAN AMERICAN MASCULINITIES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING by Jennifer Young Yim A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Psychology and Women’s Studies) in The University of Michigan 2009 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Ramaswami Mahalingam, Chair Associate Professor Edward C. Chang Associate Professor Anthony S. Chen Associate Professor Elizabeth R. Cole © Jennifer Young Yim 2009 This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, my ancestors, and my teachers. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to offer gratitude and thanks to my mentor, advisor, and committee chair, Dr. Ramaswami Mahalingam, for his unconditional mentorship. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Drs. Edward Chang, Elizabeth Cole, and Anthony Chen, for their generous support in this project. I also give thanks to the members of the Immigrant Psychology Research Lab for sharing their perspectives on the use of intersectionality and social marginality in different contexts. And I would like to thank the Program on Intergroup Relations for their unflagging support and enthusiasm. I would like to acknowledge the grants that funded this research from the University of Michigan Psychology Department, Women’s Studies Program, and Rackham School of Graduate Studies, which made this project possible. I would also like to acknowledge Apple for allowing me to use iTunes gift cards to promote this study and reach a wider population. Thank you also to Tyler Dancer and Madi Wachman for their assistance with data maintenance and proofreading. And thank you to my students who have all challenged me to think differently about what masculinity means to college students and for pursuing their dreams to be forces of positive change. I would like to thank my parents, who were brave enough to immigrate twice and show us what hard work is really about. And thank you to Jeremy, the little bird who helped me grow roots. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF APPENDICES ix ABSTRACT x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. PRESENT STUDY 36 III. QUANTITATIVE SURVEY A. METHOD 44 B. RESULTS 50 I. SEM ANALYSIS SERIES 1 55 II. SEM ANALYSIS SERIES 2 59 III. SEM ANALYSIS SERIES 3 67 IV. SEM ANALYSIS SERIES 4 75 C. DISCUSSION 77 IV. QUALITATIVE INTERVIEW A. METHOD 88 B. ANALYSES AND FINDINGS 95 iv i. TACIT PARENTAL MESSAGES 95 II. PARENTAL PERFECTIONISM 114 III. DISCRIMINATION & STEREOTYPES 127 IV. MASCULINITY 155 V. REFERENT GROUPS 162 VI. OUT-GROUP DATING 180 VII. ACTIVE COPING 191 C. DISCUSSION 206 V. GENERAL DISCUSSION 231 VI. LIMITATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 241 VII. CONCLUSION 247 APPENDICES 249 REFERENCES 269 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1 MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE 53 SURVEY VARIABLES 2 INTERCORRELATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE SURVEY 54 VARIABLES 3 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION FOR INTERVIEW 94 STUDY PARTICIPANTS vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 RESEARCH MODEL 38 2 SOCIAL MARGINALITY, FAMILY-LEVEL SOCIALIZATION, AND 39 IDEALIZED CULTURAL IDENTITY 3 DUAL PATHWAY MODEL 40 4 EFFECTS OF ACTIVE COPING ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL- 41 BEING AND ACADEMIC OUTCOMES. 5a SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 55 PERCEIVED PARENTAL PERFECTIONISM, PERCEIVED ASIAN DISCRIMINATION, AND MM MYTH 5b SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 57 PERCEIVED PARENTAL PERFECTIONISM, PERCEIVED ASIAN DISCRIMINATION, AND MM MALE IDEAL 5c SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MM 58 MALE IDEAL, MM PRIDE, AND MM PRESSURE 6a DUAL PATHWAY SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE 60 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MM MALE IDEAL, MM PRIDE, MM PRESSURE, AND JOHN HENRYISM 6b DUAL PATHWAY SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE 61 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOHN HENRYISM AND PERCEIVED STRESS 6c DUAL PATHWAY SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE 62 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOHN HENRYISM AND DEPRESSION vii 6d DUAL PATHWAY SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE 64 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOHN HENRYISM AND ANXIETY 6e DUAL PATHWAY SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE 65 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOHN HENRYISM AND LIFE SATISFACTION 6f DUAL PATHWAY SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE 66 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOHN HENRYISM AND LIFE GPA 7a DUAL PATHWAY SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE 68 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MM MALE IDEAL, MM PRIDE, MM PRESSURE, AND PROBLEM SOLVING 7b DUAL PATHWAY SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE 69 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROBLEM SOLVING AND PERCEIVED STRESS 7c DUAL PATHWAY SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE 70 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROBLEM SOLVING AND DEPRESSION 7d DUAL PATHWAY SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE 72 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROBLEM SOLVING AND ANXIETY 7e DUAL PATHWAY SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE 73 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROBLEM SOLVING AND LIFE SATISFACTION 7f DUAL PATHWAY SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE 74 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROBLEM SOLVING AND GPA 8 SEM ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 76 PERCEIVED ASIAN DISCRIMINATION, MM MALE IDEAL, AND ATTITUDES TOWARD OUT-GROUP DATING viii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Perceived Asian Discrimination 250 Appendix B Perceived Parental Perfectionism 251 Appendix C Model Minority Myth Stereotype 252 Appendix D Model Minority Male Ideal 253 Appendix E Model Minority Pride 254 Appendix F Model Minority Pressure 255 Appendix G John Henryism 256 Appendix H Direct Coping 257 Appendix I Perceived Stress 258 Appendix J Depressive Symptoms 259 Appendix K Anxiety Symptoms 260 Appendix L Life Satisfaction 261 Appendix M Disapproval of Out-Group Dating 262 Appendix N Qualitative Interview Protocol 263 ix
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