Behaviors and persistence of nanomaterials in biomedical applications

261 Pages·2018·4.831 MB·English

by  Cassano, Domenico, Voliani, Valerio

Behaviors and Persistence of
Nanomaterials in Biomedical
Applications
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Advances in Nanotechnology & Applications
Series Editor: Madhuri Sharon
The unique properties of nanomaterials encourage the belief that they
can be applied in a wide range of fields, from medical applications to elec-
tronics, environmental sciences, information and communication, heavy
industries like aerospace, refineries, automobile, consumer and sports
good, etc.
This book series will focus on the properties and related applications of
nanomaterials so as to have a clear fundamental picture as to why nanopar-
ticles are being tried instead of traditional methods. Since nanotechnology
is encompassing various fields of science, each book will focus on one topic
and will detail the basics to advanced science for the benefit of all levels of
researchers.
Series Editor: Madhuri Sharon, Director, Walchand Centre for Research
in Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology
W.H. Marg, Ashok Chowk, Solapur 413 006
Maharashtra,
India
E-mail:[email protected]
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Behaviors and Persistence of
Nanomaterials in Biomedical
Applications
Domenico Cassano
and Valerio Voliani
This edition first published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken,
NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly,
MA 01915, USA
© 2018 Scrivener Publishing LLC
For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.
com.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to
reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Wiley Global Headquarters
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about
Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they
make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the
contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation
any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty
may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional
statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in
this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that
the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or
product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the under-
standing that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice
and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult
with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for
any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special,
incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites
listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written
and when it is read.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-41827-6
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 13pt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface vii
1 Introduction 1
References 3
2 Nanomaterials 5
2.1 Physical Properties of Nanomaterials 5
2.1.1 Thermodynamic Properties: Melting Point
Depression and Superheating 7
2.1.2 Optical Properties 10
2.1.3 Magnetism 14
2.2 Nanomaterials: An Overview 21
2.2.1 O rganic Nanoparticles 21
2.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 39
References 65
3 Promising Applications in Medicine 79
3.1 Diagnostics 80
3.1.1 X-Ray Computed Tomography 80
3.1.2 Photoacoustic Imaging 84
3.1.3 Positron Emission Tomography 88
3.1.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 90
3.1.5 Raman-Based Diagnostics 95
3.2 Therapy 99
3.2.1 C hemotherapy 99
3.2.2 Hyperthermia 105
3.2.3 Radiotherapy 112
References 115
v
vi Contents
4 Interactions of Nanomaterials with
Biological Systems 137
4.1 Cellular Level (in vitro) 137
4.1.1 Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Fate 137
4.1.2 Physio-Chemical Dependence of
Nanomaterials Uptake 145
4.1.3 Cytotoxicity 149
4.2 Body Level (in vivo) 153
4.2.1 Blood Circulation 154
4.2.2 Immune/Inflammatory Response 167
4.2.3 Metabolism (RES, Degradation, Excretion
and Persistence) 172
References 183
5 Nanomaterials in the Market or in the Way of 201
5.1 Approval Pipeline (FDA and EMA) 202
5.2 Nanotherapeutics 205
5.3 Nanodiagnostics 209
References 212
6 Avoiding the Persistence of Metal Nanomaterials 217
6.1 Ultrasmall-in-Nano Approach 218
6.2 Porphyrin-Based Nanomaterials 229
References 233
7 Conclusions and Perspectives 241
References 244
Index 247
Preface
Nanomaterials have demonstrated the potential to revolution-
ize the way in which neoplasms are diagnosed and treated.
Some efficient treatments relying on organic nanomaterials are
already on the market, while even more promising ones based
on noble metals are still at the bench level. Organism persis-
tence after medical action is a major concern hampering the
clinical translation of metal nanoparticles. Today, the most
practical way to avoid undesirable toxic effects, while main-
taining desirable imaging/therapeutic moieties, is by engineer-
ing all-in-one biodegradable nanoplatforms that are excretable
through the renal pathway after the designed medical action.
Despite the field being very young, in the near future personal-
ized and effective treatments of neoplasms may no longer be
a dream but a real possibility. The potentiality of these novel
nanotheranostics is impressive, but a lot of work is yet to be
done.
In order to introduce you to the “world of nanomaterials,” the
scope of this book is outlined in Chapter 1 and a comprehensive
review of the behaviors of both organic and inorganic nanoma-
terials is presented in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, the promising
applications in diagnosis and treatment of neoplasms are dis-
cussed. The interactions of nanomaterials with biological sys-
tems at both the cellular and body levels are presented in Chapter
4, together with the main drawback of metal nanomaterials—
the issue of persistence. In Chapter 5, the actual FDA and EMA
approval pipeline for nanotheranostics and the nanomaterials
vii
viii Preface
that have reached the market are introduced. Chapter 6 reports
the most advanced and promising approaches for avoiding the
issue of persistence. Finally, in Chapter 7, along with conclu-
sions drawn from the material presented, the perspectives of
this exciting fields are discussed.
This book offers state-of-the-art and comprehensive cov-
erage of nanomaterials ranging from their behaviors to the
market. In particular, the issue of persistence is discussed, and
the most promising approaches to unlock the potentiality of
metal nanomaterials for innovative noninvasive and efficient
treatments of neoplasms are presented. General readers of this
book will gain complete insight into nanomaterials, physicians
will have a guide to the latest information on the novel tools
under development, and biologists/chemists/physicists/engi-
neers will have a guide for designing the next generation of
nanotheranostics.
Domenico Cassano and Valerio Voliani
Pisa, Italy
March 2018