Behavioral Genetics PDF
Preview Behavioral Genetics
EHAVIOR GENETICS . Sixth Edition Robert Plomin Institute of Psychiatry London John C. DeFries University of Colorado Boulder Valerie S. Knopik Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Jenae M. Neiderhiser Penn State University Worth Publishers New York VICE PRESIDENT, EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION: Catherine Woods PUBLISHER: Kevin Feyen SENIOR ACQUISITIONS EDITOR: Christine M. Cardone SENIOR MARKETING MANAGER: Katherine Nurre MARKETING MANAGER: Jennifer Bilello MARKETING ASSISTANT: Stephanie Ellis EXECUTIVE MEDIA EDITOR: Andrea Musick SUPPLEMENTS EDITOR: Anthony Casciano EDITORIAL ASSISTANT: Eric Dorger PHOTO EDITOR: Christine Buese SENIOR PROJECT EDITOR: Liz Geller TEXT DESIGN: Dreamit Inc. COVER DESIGN: Kevin Kali PRODUCTION MANAGER: Sarah Segal COMPOSITION AND ILLUSTRATIONS: Northeastern Graphic, Inc. PRINTING AND BINDING: RR Donnelley COVER PHOTOS: Identical twin students in class, Julian Winslow/Corbis; Line DNA, Josh Westrich/Corbis; DNA double helix, Corbis/Veer. Library of Congress Control Number: 2012945229 ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-4215-8 ISBN-10: 1-4292-4215-9 © 2013, 2008, 2001, 1997 by Worth Publishers All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America First printing Worth Publishers 41 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10010 www.worthpublishers.com BEHAVIORAL GENETICS Contents About the Authors xv Preface xvii D Overview 1 D Mendel's Laws of Heredity 6 Mendel’s First Law of Heredity 7 Gregor Mendel’s Luck 8 Huntington Disease 10 Phenylketonuria 11 How Do We Know That 1 in 50 People Are Carriers for PKU? 13 Mendel’s Second Law of Heredity 14 Summary 18 D Beyond Mendel's Laws 20 Genes on the X Chromosome 21 Other Exceptions to Mendel’s laws 23 New Mutations 23 Changes in Chromosomes 23 Expanded Triplet Repeats 25 Genomic Imprinting 26 Complex Traits 28 Schizophrenia 28 General Cognitive Ability 29 Pea Size 30 Multiple-Gene Inheritance 32 Quantitative Genetics 34 Liability-Threshold Model of Disorders 36 Summary 38 D DNA: The Basis of Heredity 39 DNA 39 B«i*Ki ’ The “Central Dogma” of Molecular Genetics 44 Chromosomes 46 Summary 49 D Animal Models in Behavioral Genetics 50 Quantitative Genetic Experiments to Investigate Animal Behavior 50 Selection Studies 52 Inbred Strain Studies 57 Animal Studies for Identifying Genes and Gene Functions 60 Creating Mutations 61 Quantitative Trait Loci 66 Synteny Homology 71 Summary 71 D Nature, Nurture, and Human Behavior 73 Investigating the Genetics of Human Behavior 74 Adoption Designs 74 BOX 6.1 The First Adoption Study of Schizophrenia 77 BOX 6.2 Issues in Adoption Studies 78 Twin Design 78 BOX 6.3 The Twin Method 82 Combination 84 Summary 85 CHAPTE m m , Estimating Genetic and Environmental Influences 86 Heritability 86 Interpreting Heritability 89 BOX 7.1 Estimating Quantitative Genetic Parameters Directly from DNA 90 Environmentality 95 Shared Environment 96 Nonshared Environment 96 Estimating Shared and Nonshared Environmental Influences 97 Identifying Specific Nonshared Environment 98 Identifying Specific Nonshared Environment That Predicts Behavioral Outcomes 100 Multivariate Analysis 102 Summary 103 D The Interplay between Genes and Environment 105 Beyond Heritability 106 Genotype-Environment Correlation 107 The Nature of Nurture 108 Three Types of Genotype-Environment Correlation 111 Three Methods to Detect Genotype-Environment Correlation 112 Implications 117 Genotype-Environment Interaction 118 Animal Models 120 Adoption Studies 120 Twin Studies 122 DNA 123 Summary 126 Identifying Genes 128 Mutations 129 Detecting Polymorphisms 130 DNA Markers 132 Human Behavior 134 Linkage: Single-Gene Disorders 135 Linkage: Complex Disorders 137 Association: Candidate Genes 137 Affected Sib-Pair Linkage Design 138 Association: Genomewide 139 SNP Microarrays 140 Summary 143 D Pathways between Genes and Behavior 144 U23B0DI Levels of Analysis 145 Gene Expression and the Role of Epigenetics 146 The Transcriptome: Gene Expression throughout the Genome 149 Gene Expression Profiles: RNA Microarrays and Sequence-Based Approaches 149 Genetical Genomics 151 Gene Expression as a Biological Basis for Environmental Influence 152 The Proteome: Proteins Coded throughout the Transcriptome 153 The Brain 155 Endophenotypes 156 Learning and Memory 157 Emotion 160 Summary 162 n Cognitive Disabilities 163 General Cognitive Disability: Quantitative Genetics 164 General Cognitive Disability: Single-Gene Disorders 165 Phenylkonuria 165 Fragile X Syndrome 166 Rett Syndrome 168 Other Single-Gene Disorders 168 General Cognitive Disability: Chromosomal Abnormalities 170 Down Syndrome 170 Sex Chromosome Abnormalities 171 Specific Cognitive Disabilities 174 Reading Disability 175 wzsm wM DF Extremes Analysis 176 Communication Disorders 180 Mathematics Disability 181 Comorbidity among Specific Cognitive Disabilities 181 Dementia 181 Summary 183 D General Cognitive Ability 186 Historical Highlights 188 Animal Research 188 Francis Galton 190 Human Research 193 Overview of Genetic Research 194 Genetic Influence 194 Environmental Influence 196 Assortative Mating 197 Nonadditive Genetic Variance 198 Developmental Research 200 Does Heritability Change during Development? 200 Do Genetic Factors Contribute to Developmental Change? 204 Identifying Genes 206 Summary 209 Specific Cognitive Abilities 210 Broad Factors of Specific Cognitive Abilities 210 Multivariate Genetic Analysis 217 Information-Processing Measures 218 Working Memory Model 220 Imaging Genetics 220 School Achievement 222 Identifying Genes 228 Summary 229 Schizophrenia 230 Family Studies 231 The Beginnings of Psychiatric Genetics: Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals 232 Twin Studies 234 Adoption Studies 236 Schizophrenia or Schizophrenias? 238 Identifying Genes 239 Summary 241 D Other Adult Psychopathology 242 Mood Disorders 242 Family Studies 243 Twin Studies 245 Adoption Studies 246 Identifying Genes 247
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