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INSECTS AND OTHER TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS: BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR B EETLES B , E IODIVERSITY COLOGY AND R E OLE IN THE NVIRONMENT No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. I O T NSECTS AND THER ERRESTRIAL A : B , C RTHROPODS IOLOGY HEMISTRY B AND EHAVIOR Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the e-book tab. INSECTS AND OTHER TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS: BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR B EETLES B , E IODIVERSITY COLOGY AND R E OLE IN THE NVIRONMENT CAMILLA STACK EDITOR New York Copyright © 2015 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: [email protected] NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers‘ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beetles : biodiversity, ecology and role in the environment / editor: Camilla Stack. pages cm. -- (Insects and other terrestrial arthropods: biology, chemistry and behavior) Includes index. ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:23)(cid:19)(cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:21) (eBook) 1. Beetles--Ecology. I. Stack, Camilla, editor. II. Series: Insects and other terrestrial arthropods-- biology, chemistry and behavior series. QL573.B438 2015 595.76--dc23 2014040968 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 The Positive Effects of Prescribed Burning of Clear-Cuts on Saproxylic Beetle Diversity Are Short-Lived and Depend on Forest-Fire Continuity 1 Jonas Victorsson, Lars-Ove Wikars and Stefan Ås Chapter 2 Community Assembly of Saproxylic Beetles in Old-Growth Forest and Recently Burnt Forest 27 Jonas Victorsson Chapter 3 Assessing the Potential Role of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera) As Ecological Indicators in Tropical Ecosystems: A Review 51 Reinaldo Lucas Cajaiba, Eduardo Périco, João Alexandre Cabral and Mário Santos Chapter 4 Twig-Girdler Beetles of the Atlantic Rainforest 85 Alberto Arab, Claudia Moreno Paro, Gustavo Quevedo Romero, Gustavo Schiffler and João Vasconcellos-Neto Chapter 5 Biology, Ecology and Strategies for Control of Stored-Grain Beetles: A Review 105 Thiago H. Napoleão, Afonso C. Agra-Neto, Bernardo R. Belmonte, Emmanuel V. Pontual and Patrícia M.G. Paiva Chapter 6 Decaying Matters: Coleoptera Involved in Heterotrophic Systems 123 Paryse Nadeau, Monic Thibault, Finbarr G. Horgan, Jean-Philippe Michaud, Franck Gandiaga, Charles Comeau and Gaétan Moreau Chapter 7 How a Locality Can Have so Many Species? A Case Study with Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) In a Tropical Rain Forest in Colombia 175 Jorge Ari Noriega A. vi Contents Chapter 8 Biodiversity in Geographically Remote Natural Populations of Adalia Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coсcinellidae) 205 Elena V. Shaikevich and Ilia A. Zakharov Chapter 9 Ladybird Diversity on Crops and Ecology of Cocicnelle algerica Kovar in Tunisia 227 Ben Halima Kamel Monia and Mdellel Lassad Index 239 PREFACE Insects have been shown to be appropriate ecological indicators for evaluating changes in the environment, due to several characteristics that they possess. An excellent group are beetles (Coleoptera), the largest group of insects, with about four hundred thousand known species, distributed in more than a hundred families occupying practically all ecosystems and feeding on a variety food sources. This book examines several species of beetles. It examines the biodiversity, ecology and role in the environment of beetles. Chapter 1 - Before modern forestry started, forest fire was the dominating large-scale disturbance in boreal forest. Prescribed burning of clear-cuts is increasingly used as a conservation measure but is potentially less beneficial for fire-associated species than burning of intact forest. The authors investigated the temporal effect of prescribed burning of clear- cuts in two regions in central Sweden: one region with a relatively unbroken forest-fire continuity (Orsa) and one region with a broken fire continuity (Långshyttan) more typical for Fennoscandia. The dead wood associated (saproxylic) beetle fauna was sampled with ten trunk-window traps in each of 16 clear-cuts. The authors used a paired design with two clear- cuts that had been logged at the same time and where one had been subjected to prescribed burning one or two years after clear-felling. The authors sampled clear-cuts either the same year as burning (0-year old) or 1-, 2- or 4-years post-burning. In Orsa the authors sampled five pairs (0-4 years old) and in Långshyttan three pairs (0-2 years old). The authors caught 147 species (5908 individuals) of saproxylic beetles and 33 of those species were fire-associated. There was a pronounced temporal effect of prescribed burning on beetle abundance and species richness. The year of the fire there was a higher abundance and species richness in the burnt clear-cuts than in the unburnt clear-cuts. This positive effect disappeared already after one year. This pattern remained when the authors restricted their analysis to only fire-associated species. There were several regional differences consistent with a better fire continuity in Orsa: (1) In four out of five clear-cut pairs in Orsa there was a positive effect of burning on abundance and species richness of fire-associated species. In Långshyttan there was no such effect. (2) In Orsa the species composition of the fire-associated species differed between burnt and unburnt clear-cuts in four out of five pairs. In Långshyttan there was a difference only in one out of three pairs and that difference was smaller than the differences in Orsa. (3) When the authors restricted their analysis to 0- to 2-year old clear-cuts in order to have identical sample sizes in both regions, the authors found 725 individuals of 25 species of fire- associated species in Orsa and 218 individuals of 24 species in Långshyttan. (4) The four fire- viii Camilla Stack dependent species that the authors found were the most specialised species and three of these, Melanophila acuminata, Sphaeriestes stockmanni, and Acmaeops septentrionis were only found in Orsa whereas Henoticus serratus was found in both regions. To conclude, prescribed burning of clear-cuts only had a short-lived positive effect on saproxylic beetle diversity. This result casts doubt on the value of using prescribed burning of clear-cuts as a conservation measure. The better effect of prescribed burning in Orsa than in Långshyttan points to a differential effect of the value of prescribed burning. It also indicates that a long period of restoration burning might be needed in many parts of Sweden in order to increase the populations of fire-associated species. Chapter 2 - Community assembly is the trajectory exhibited over time regarding species composition and community structure as species colonize an empty patch. Chase (2007) distinguish two basic types of assembly where a niche-assembled community is constrained by species interactions and competitive hierarchies whereas a dispersal-assembled community is unaffected by competition. The first wood-living (saproxylic) beetles to colonize a dead tree are sub-cortical, cambial-living species with a larval development-time of one year or less. Important community assembly events could therefore take place the first summer after tree death. Community assembly was studied during the eight weeks immediately after tree death. By exposing 0.5 m long stem sections (bolts) of Norway spruce, Picea abies, to colonization for increasingly longer times (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks) a temporal sequence was created. A total of 140 bolts at four forest sites in central Sweden were studied with six to eight replicates per site. Two of the sites were old-growth forest and the other two were forest sites subjected to burning right before the experiment started. The author used community ecology measures to describe assembly patterns and emphasize findings that would have gone unnoticed in an analysis confined to the 8-week final state. In total 8802 beetles of 56 species were reared from the bolts. Two fire-dependent species were found in burnt forest, this is noteworthy since unburnt bolts were used in both forest types. The total number of emerged beetles per bolt was similar in the two forest types in early assembly but later this density was higher in the old-growth forest. During assembly the community-level carrying capacity was reached in old-growth forest but not in burnt forest. During assembly, community evenness and taxonomic richness was higher in the burnt forest than in old-growth forest but at eight weeks these community measures had converged. The two forest types became more dissimilar regarding species composition as the community assembly progressed. Old-growth forest also had a lower bolt-to-bolt variation in species composition than burnt forest. Cambivores was the functional group that made up the largest proportion of individuals in both forest types but the proportion was highest in old- growth forest. The proportion fungivores was highest in burnt forest. The proportion predators peaked early in both forest types and then decreased during assembly. In old-growth forest, 74 % of the bolts were numerically dominated by the cambivorous scolytine Dryocoetes autographus. In burnt forest only 33 % of the bolts were dominated by that species. Furthermore, burnt forest also had fungivores as bolt dominants, for example the fire- favoured corticarid Corticara rubripes, whereas old-growth forest bolts were always dominated by cambivores. In conclusion, the beetle assemblages in the two forest types followed different assembly trajectories. The beetle assemblage in burnt forest conforms to a dispersal-assembled