Beering. National Science Board. Science and Engineering Indicators 2010

566 Pages·11.834 MB·English

by  Steven C.

National Science Board
S
C

I
E
SCIENCE
N
AND
C
E

A ENGINEERING
N
D

E INDICATORS

N
G
I
N 2010
E
E
R
I
N
G

I
N
D
I
C
A
T
O
R
S

2
0
1
0
NSB 10–01
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
National Science Board
/
s
STEVEN C. BEERING LOUIS J. LANZEROTTI
r
Chair, President Emeritus, Purdue University Distinguished Research Professor of Physics, Center for Solar-
Terrestrial Research, Department of Physics, New Jersey o
PATRICIA D. GALLOWAY Institute of Technology
Vice Chair, Chief Executive Officer, Pegasus Global Holdings,
t
Inc., Cle Elum, Washington ALAN I. LESHNER
Chief Executive Officer, Executive Publisher, Science, American a
MARK R. ABBOTT Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC
Dean and Professor, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric
c
Sciences, Oregon State University G. P. “BUD” PETERSON
President, Georgia Institute of Technology i
DAN E. ARVIZU
d
Director and Chief Executive, National Renewable Energy DOUGLAS D. RANDALL
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado Professor and Thomas Jefferson Fellow, University of Missouri
n
BARRY C. BARISH ARTHUR K. REILLY
Board Consultant, Director, Global Design Effort for Senior Director, Strategic Technology Policy, Cisco Systems,
i
International Linear Collider, Linde Professor of Physics, Inc., Ocean, New Jersey
/
Emeritus, California Institute of Technology
DIANE L. SOUVAINE
s
CAMILLA P. BENBOW Professor and Chair, Department of Computer Science,
Patricia and Rodes Hart Dean of Education and Human Tufts University c
Development, Peabody College of Education and Human
Development, Vanderbilt University JON C. STRAUSS i
Interim Dean, Edward E. Whitacre Jr. College of Engineering,
t
RAY M. BOWEN Texas Tech University
s
President Emeritus, Texas A&M University
KATHRYN D. SULLIVAN
i
JOHN T. BRUER Director, Battelle Center for Mathematics and Science
t
President, The James S. McDonnell Foundation, St. Louis Education Policy, John Glenn School of Public Affairs,
Ohio State University a
G. WAYNE CLOUGH
Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC THOMAS N. TAYLOR t
Roy A. Roberts Distinguished Professor, Department of Ecology
FRANCE A. CÓRDOVA and Evolutionary Biology, Curator of Paleobotany in the Natural s
President, Purdue University History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, /
The University of Kansas
KELVIN K. DROEGEMEIER v
Associate Vice President for Research, Regents’ Professor RICHARD F. THOMPSON
o
of Meteorology and Weathernews Chair Emeritus, University Keck Professor of Psychology and Biological Sciences,
of Oklahoma University of Southern California
g
JOSÉ-MARIE GRIFFITHS ARDEN L. BEMENT, JR.
Deputy Director (Biomedical Informatics), TraCS Institute, Member ex officio, Director, National Science Foundation .
and Professor, School of Information and Library Science,
f
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CRAIG R. ROBINSON
Acting Executive Officer, National Science Board, and Director, s
ESIN GULARI National Science Board Office
Dean of Engineering and Science, Clemson University n
ELIZABETH HOFFMAN .
Board Consultant, Executive Vice President and Provost,
The complete Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 report, w
Iowa State University
appendix tables, and related resources are available on the Web at
National Science Board Committee on Science and Engineering Indicators
www.nsf.gov/statistics/indicators/.
w
Louis J. Lanzerotti, Chair José-Marie Griffiths Rolf F. Lehming
To obtain printed copies of Science and Engineering Indicators 2010
Camilla P. Benbow G. P. “Bud” Peterson Robert Bell (NSB 10-01), use NSF’s online publication request form,
John T. Bruer Arthur K. Reilly Executive Secretaries http://www.nsf.gov/publications/orderpub.jsp, or call [phone]. w
G. Wayne Clough Jon C. Strauss Jean M. Pomeroy
France A. Córdova Richard F. Thompson NSB Staff Liaison
SCIENCE
AND
ENGINEERING
INDICATORS
2010
Cover Image
The cover design for Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 is based on a computer-
simulated visualization of Mach 1 homogeneous turbulence. The white regions in the image
show where the earlier passage of strong shock fronts heated the gas in this turbulent flow.
Blue regions have the weakest vorticity, and as the vorticity increases in strength, the color
goes through red to yellow and finally to white. The dynamic visualization was created at the
Laboratory for Computational Science & Engineering (LCSE), a facility within the University
of Minnesota’s Digital Technology Center where innovative hardware and system software
solutions to problems in computational science and engineering can be tested and applied. Work
in the LCSE has been supported by a series of National Science Foundation equipment grants
(the most recent is CNS 07-08822). (Credit: Paul Woodward, Laboratory for Computational
Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota.)
Recommended Citation
National Science Board. 2010. Science and Engineering Indicators 2010. Arlington, VA:
National Science Foundation (NSB 10-01).
(cid:2)(cid:3)iii
Acknowledgments
The National Science Board (NSB) extends its appreciation to The volume benefited from extensive contributions from
the staff of the National Science Foundation and to the many SRS staff. The division’s senior staff and survey managers
others, too numerous to list individually, who contributed to assured availability of data under often stringent deadlines:
the preparation of this report. Primary responsibility for the Richard J. Bennof, Mark K. Fiegener, Susan T. Hill, John E.
production of the volume was assigned to Rolf F. Lehming, Jankowski, Kelly H. Kang, Nancy Leach, Julia Oliver, and
Director of the Science and Engineering Indicators Program Michael Yamaner. Jacqueline Durham assisted in acquir-
of the Division of Science Resources Statistics (SRS) in the ing data from outside sources. Stephen Cohen, Jock Black,
Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences: John E. Jankowski, Jeri M. Mulrow, Emilda B. Rivers, and
Lynda T. Carlson, Division Director; Mary J. Frase, Deputy Fan Zhang provided advice with statistical or data presenta-
Division Director; Myron P. Gutmann, Assistant Director; tion issues. Robert Bell and Rolf F. Lehming worked closely
Judith S. Sunley, Deputy Assistant Director; and David W. with authors to develop and to implement plans for several
Lightfoot, former Assistant Director. chapters in the volume.
The authors of the manuscript were: John R. Gawalt directed the overall production of the volume.
Rolfe W. Larson was responsible for editorial and printing
Overview. Rolf F. Lehming, SRS services. Robin Pentola provided Web direction and support.
Tanya Gore assisted with the final review of the appendix
Chapter 1. Martha Naomi Alt, Xianglei Chen, Leslie Hall, tables, and Rajinder Raut prepared files for review and pro-
MPR Associates; Lawrence Burton, SRS vided a technical review of the Web site. Web design and
programming were performed by De Vo, Bridget Tuthill,
Chapter 2. Joan S. Burrelli, SRS Jason Shaffer, Moe Than, Makiko Fisher, Micah Horvat, and
Richard Ashley of Compuware Corporation. Overall editing
Chapter 3. Nirmala Kannankutty, Steven Proudfoot, of the report was performed by David B. Fialkoff, Janet M.
Mark C. Regets, SRS McNaughton, and the staff of Lockheed Martin Business
Process Solutions. The staff of OmniStudio provided com-
Chapter 4. Mark Boroush, Francisco A. Moris, position and production services for the print and electronic
Raymond M. Wolfe, SRS materials. Many others provided much appreciated advice and
assistance and are listed under Contributors and Reviewers.
Chapter 5. Ronda Britt, Joan S. Burrelli, Overall management of the volume was provided by Rolf F.
Lawrence Burton, Leslie Christovich, SRS Lehming, Robert Bell, John R. Gawalt and Lynda T. Carlson.
Chapter 6. Derek Hill, SRS The National Science Board Office provided vital coordina-
tion throughout the project. The National Science Board is
Chapter 7. Jaquelina C. Falkenheim, SRS especially grateful to Kyscha Slater for providing operations
support, Jennifer Lynn Richards for assistance to the S&E
Chapter 8. Paula C. Dunnigan, Taratec Corporation Indicators Committee, and Jean M. Pomeroy for serving as
Liaison to the Committee. Robert Bell and Rolf F. Lehming
were the Executive Secretaries.
Dr. Steven C. Beering Dr. Louis J. Lanzerotti
Chairman, National Science Board Chairman, Committee on Science and Engineering
Indicators
iv (cid:4)
Contributors and Reviewers
The following persons contributed to the report by Myk Garn, Southern Regional Education Board
reviewing chapters or otherwise assisting in its Howard Garrison, Federation of American Societies for
preparation. Their help is greatly appreciated. Experimental Biology
Fred Gault, UNU-MERIT
Craig Abbey, SUNY Donna K. Ginther, University of Kansas
James D. Adams, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Wolfgang Glänzel, University of Leuven, Belgium
David Aldrich, Booz Allen Hamilton Leonid Gokhberg, Higher School of Economics, Russia
Nick Allum, University of Essex Kerry Gruber, National Center for Education Statistics
Bernice T. Anderson, National Science Foundation Gary Guenther, Congressional Research Service
Anthony Arundel, UNU-MERIT Jong-on Hahm, National Science Foundation
Cheikhou Athie, Taratec Corporation Bronwyn Hall, University of California at Berkeley
Robert D. Atkinson, Information Technology and Innovation Keith Hall, Bureau of Labor Statistics
Foundation Kimberly Hamilton, The Patent Board
Laudeline Auriol, Organization for Economic Cooperation David Hart, George Mason University
and Development Christopher Hayter, National Governors Association
Eleanor Babco, Council of Graduate Schools Robin Henke, MPR Associates
Roland Bardon, SRI International Christopher Hill, George Mason University
Kristina Bartsch, Bureau of Labor Statistics Jim Hirabayashi, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
William Beckett, Higher Education Statistics Agency, Ltd., James Hoehn, EPSCoR/IDeA Foundation
England Ned Howenstine, Bureau of Economic Analysis
Nathan Bell, Council of Graduate Schools Robert Ibarra, University of New Mexico
John Benskin, SRI International Harold Javitz, SRI International
Richard E. Bissell, National Academy of Sciences Jolene Jesse, National Science Foundation
Maria Borga, Bureau of Economic Analysis Mark Jones, Higher Education Statistics Agency, Ltd.,
Prudy Brown, SRI International England
Patrick Callan, National Center for Public Policy and Higher Scott Keeter, Pew Research Center
Education Stuart Kerachsky, National Center for Education Statistics
Patricia B. Campbell, Campbell-Kibler Associates, Inc. Cheryl Kerr, Bureau of Labor Statistics
Jill Cape, Taratec Corporation Hoon Kim, Korea Foundation for the Advancement of Science
Ann B. Carlson, National Science Foundation & Creativity
C. Michael Carolina, Oklahoma Center for the Advancement Kei Koizumi, Office of Science and Technology Policy
of Science and Technology Roslyn Korb, National Center for Education Statistics
Nevin P. Carr, Jr., Office of Naval Research Alan B. Kreuger, Department of the Treasury
Susan Choy, MPR Associates Jon A. Krosnick, Stanford University
George DeBoer, American Association for the Advancement Paris Kucharski, The Patent Board
of Science Jessica Lacasse, Statistics Canada
Connie K. Della-Piana, National Science Foundation J. Steven Landefeld, Bureau of Economic Analysis
Douglas E. Devereaux, National Institute of Standards and Julia Lane, National Science Foundation
Technology Charles F. Larson, Innovation Research International
James J. Duderstadt, University of Michigan Cheryl Lloyd, ICF Macro
Jules Duga, Battelle Susan Carol Losh, Florida State University
Janice M. Earle, National Science Foundation Carol Lynch, Council of Graduate Schools
Ronald Ehrenberg, Cornell University Jacques Maquet, Fundacion BBVA
John H. Falk, Oregon State University Ray Mataloni, Bureau of Economic Analysis
Kaye Husbands Fealing, University of Minnesota Jacqueline Meszaros, National Science Foundation
Noah Feinstein, University of Wisconsin at Madison Mala Mistry, Census Bureau
Michael Finn, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Sabrina L. Montes, Department of Commerce
Barbara Fraumeni, University of Southern Maine Sue Okubo, Bureau of Economic Analysis
Ron Freedman, The Impact Group, Toronto Dominic Olivastro, The Patent Board
Carolyn L. Funk, Virginia Commonwealth University Rafael Pardo, Fundación BBVA
Patrick Gallagher, National Institute of Standards and Jongwon Park, SRI International
Technology Amy P. Patterson, National Institutes of Health
(cid:4)(cid:3)v
vi (cid:4) Contributors and Reviewers
Juan Cruz Perusia, UNESCO Institute for Statistics Amy Sussman, National Science Foundation
Melissa F. Pollak, National Science Foundation Gregory Tassey, National Institute of Standards
Alan Porter, Georgia Institute of Technology and Technology
Prem Premakumar, IHS Global Insight Michael S. Teitelbaum, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Senta Raizen, Center for Improving Science Education/ Lori Thurgood, SRI International
WestEd Marie Thursby, Georgia Institute of Technology
Lawrence M. Rausch, National Science Foundation William Tirre, National Center for Education Statistics
Andrew Reamer, Brookings Institution Serge Tran, University of California at Los Angeles
E.J. Reedy, Kauffman Foundation John Tsapogas, National Science Foundation
Caird E. Rexroad, Department of Agriculture Andrew Tyndall, Tyndall Report
Carol Robbins, Bureau of Economic Analysis William Valdez, Department of Energy
J. David Roessner, SRI International Carol Van Hartesveldt, National Science Foundation
Philip L. Rones, Bureau of Labor Statistics Nancy Vincent, Council of Graduate Schools
Dietram A. Scheufele, University of Wisconsin at Madison Kenneth P. Voytek, National Institute of Standards
William Schmidt, Michigan State University and Technology
Barbara Schneider, Michigan State University Caroline Wagner, SRI International
Kazuko Shinohara, National Science Foundation, June Weis, Southern Regional Education Board
Tokyo Office Vincent Welch, National Opinion Research Center
Henry Small, Thomson Reuters Laura Williams, ICF Macro
Kenneth L. Smith, Office of Naval Research Michael Wolf, Bureau of Labor Statistics
Shirley F. Smith, Small Business Administration Terry S. Woodin, National Science Foundation
Thomas Snyder, National Center for Education Statistics Sacha Wunsch-Vincent, Organisation for Economic
Dixie Sommers, Bureau of Labor Statistics Cooperation and Development
George Stamas, Bureau of Labor Statistics William Zeile, Bureau of Economic Analysis
Paula Stephan, Georgia State University Klarka Zeman, Statistics Canada
Carol Stoel, National Science Foundation Robert Zemsky, University of Pennsylvania
Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations .....................................................................................................x
About Science and Engineering Indicators .............................................................................xii
SEI’s Different Parts ....................................................................................................................xii
Presentation .................................................................................................................................xiii
Overview ...................................................................................................................................O-1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................O-3
A Bird’s Eye View of the World’s Changing S&T Picture .......................................................O-3
Global Expansion of Research and Development Expenditures ...............................................O-4
Overseas R&D by Multinational Companies ............................................................................O-5
Global Higher Education and Workforce Trends ......................................................................O-6
Expanding Global Researcher Pool ...........................................................................................O-8
Research Outputs: Journal Articles and Patents ........................................................................O-9
Expanding International Research Collaborations ...................................................................O-10
New Research Patterns Reflected in World’s Citations Base ..................................................O-12
Inventive Activity Shown by Patents .......................................................................................O-13
Fast-Rising Global Output of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Firms .........................O-14
Booming Global High-Technology Exports Rearranging World Trade Patterns ....................O-16
Big Shifts in World Trade Positions in High-Technology Products ........................................O-18
Continued Surpluses From U.S. Trade in Knowledge-Intensive Services and
Intangible Assets .................................................................................................................O-19
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................O-19
Notes ........................................................................................................................................O-20
Glossary ...................................................................................................................................O-21
Chapter 1. Elementary and Secondary Mathematics and Science Education ....................1-1
Highlights ....................................................................................................................................1-4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................1-7
Student Learning in Mathematics and Science ...........................................................................1-7
Teachers of Mathematics and Science ......................................................................................1-23
Instructional Technology in Education .....................................................................................1-30
Transition to Higher Education .................................................................................................1-34
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................1-38
Notes .........................................................................................................................................1-39
Glossary ....................................................................................................................................1-41
References .................................................................................................................................1-42
Chapter 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering ...................................................2-1
Highlights ....................................................................................................................................2-4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................2-7
The U.S. Higher Education System ............................................................................................2-7
Undergraduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees in the United States ...............................2-11
Graduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees in the United States ........................................2-17
Postdoctoral Education .............................................................................................................2-30
International S&E Higher Education ........................................................................................2-31
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................2-37
Notes .........................................................................................................................................2-38
Glossary ....................................................................................................................................2-38
References .................................................................................................................................2-39
(cid:4)(cid:3)vii
viii (cid:4) Contents
Chapter 3. Science and Engineering Labor Force .................................................................3-1
Highlights ....................................................................................................................................3-6
Introduction .................................................................................................................................3-9
Scope of the S&E Workforce .....................................................................................................3-9
Employment Patterns ................................................................................................................3-13
Demographics ...........................................................................................................................3-27
S&E Labor Market Conditions .................................................................................................3-37
Global S&E Labor Force ..........................................................................................................3-47
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................3-58
Notes .........................................................................................................................................3-58
Glossary ....................................................................................................................................3-59
References .................................................................................................................................3-60
Chapter 4. Research and Development: National Trends and International Linkages .....4-1
Highlights ....................................................................................................................................4-4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................4-7
Trends in National R&D Performance .......................................................................................4-8
Location of R&D Performance .................................................................................................4-16
Business R&D ...........................................................................................................................4-18
Federal R&D .............................................................................................................................4-21
International R&D Comparisons ..............................................................................................4-33
R&D by Multinational Companies ...........................................................................................4-44
Technology and Innovation Linkages .......................................................................................4-50
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................4-57
Notes .........................................................................................................................................4-58
Glossary ....................................................................................................................................4-61
References .................................................................................................................................4-62
Chapter 5. Academic Research and Development .................................................................5-1
Highlights ....................................................................................................................................5-4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................5-7
Financial Resources for Academic R&D ....................................................................................5-7
Academic R&D Infrastructure ..................................................................................................5-16
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in Academia .......................................................................5-19
Outputs of S&E Research: Articles and Patents .......................................................................5-29
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................5-46
Notes .........................................................................................................................................5-47
Glossary ....................................................................................................................................5-51
References .................................................................................................................................5-51
Chapter 6. Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace...........................................6-1
Highlights ....................................................................................................................................6-4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................6-7
Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries in the World Economy ................................6-7
Worldwide Distribution of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries .......................6-14
Trade and Other Globalization Indicators .................................................................................6-23
Innovation-Related Indicators of U.S. and Other Major Economies .......................................6-45
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................6-57
Notes .........................................................................................................................................6-58
Glossary ....................................................................................................................................6-59
References .................................................................................................................................6-60