Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-Colonial Period to 2008

298 Pages·2009·3.09 MB·English

by  Brian Raftopoulos, Alois S. Mlambo

Becoming Zimbabwe

Becoming Zimbabwe
Edited by
Brian Raftopoulos and A. S. Mlambo
First published in 2009 by
Weaver Press, P.O. Box A1922, Avondale, Harare
Published in South Africa in 2009 by
Jacana Media, 10 Orange Street, Sunnyside, Auckland Park, Johannesburg
Weaver Press ISBN: 978 0 77922 083 7
Jacana Media ISBN: 978 1 77009 763 6
© This collection: the editors, and the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, 2009
© Individual chapters: the respective authors, 2009
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form,
or by electronic or mechanical means, including information storage or retrieval
systems, without permission in writing from the publishers, except by a reviewer who
may quote brief passages in a review.
Published in collaboration with the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, Cape Town,
which aids the building of fair, democratic and inclusive societies in Africa
before, during and after political transition.
The publishers would like to express their gratitude to the Ford Foundation
whose financial assistance made this publication possible.
Cover: Danes Design, Harare
Cover photograph: Annie Mpalume
Typesetting and layout: TextPertise, Harare
Printed and bound by CTP Book Printers, Cape Town
Contents
List of Tables vi
List of Maps vi
List of Figures vii
Acronyms used viii
Chronology x
Introduction: The Hard Road to Becoming National xvii
1 Reflections on Pre-Colonial Zimbabwe, c. 850–1880s 1
Gerald Chikozho Mazarire
2 Mapping Cultural and Colonial Encounters, 1880s–1930s 39
Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni
3 From the Second World War to UDI, 1940–1965 75
A. S. Mlambo
4 Social and Economic Developments during the UDI Period 115
Joseph Mtisi, Munyaradzi Nyakudya and Teresa Barnes
5 War in Rhodesia, 1965–1980 141
Joseph Mtisi, Munyaradzi Nyakudya and Teresa Barnes
6 From Buoyancy to Crisis, 1980–1997 167
James Muzondidya
7 The Crisis in Zimbabwe, 1998–2008 201
Brian Raftopoulos
Bibliography 233
Notes on Contributors 251
Index 253
v
Tables
Table 3.1: Sources of European population increase, 1901–1969 81
Table 3.2: Gross output and average growth rate of Rhodesian
industry, 1946–53 83
Table 5.1: Rhodesian government estimates of deaths in
the war, 1973–74 142
Maps
Map 1.1: Development of the Leopard’s Kopje culture on the
Zimbabwean Plateau. 5
Map 1.2: Approximate settlement patterns of the Goba and Nyai. 7
Map 1.3: Approximate distribution of Shona kingdoms in the
seventeenth century. 12
Map 1.4: Rozvi expansion from c.1690 to the late nineteenth century. 23
Map 1.5: Karanga migrations across the central and southern plateaux
after c.1750. 27
Map 1.6: Remba and Hlengwe migrations on the Zimbabwean
Plateau from the late eighteenth century. 30
vi
Figures
Fig. 1.1: Lemba village scene in the Belingwe Reserve. 9
Fig. 1.2: Shangaan dance during tax collection at Ndanga. 32
Fig. 1.3: Ndebele: Imbezi Regiment. 34
Fig. 2.1: Lobengula: From a photograph in Life taken in 1893. 44
Fig. 2.2: Ndebele chiefs and Native Police, Matabeleland. 60
Fig. 3.1: Charles Mzingeli. 90
Fig. 3.2: General Strike: Crowds assembled at the Bulawayo Location. 99
Fig. 3.3: NDP officials, 1960. 108
Fig. 3.4: Policing urban violence, 1960. 108
Fig. 3.5: Ian Smith signs the Unilateral Declaration of Independence. 111
Fig. 4.1: Whites demonstrate against Ian Smith in Salisbury. 122
Fig. 4.2: Demonstrators appeal to Harold Wilson for support. 127
Fig. 4.3: Demonstrators thank South Africafor petrol supplies. 135
Fig. 4.4: Mangula Mine, 1974. 139
Fig. 5.1: Saying ‘No’ to the Pearce Commission. 143
Fig. 5.2: Bulawayo workers demand consultation. 143
Fig. 5.3: An alleged sell-out shows his guerrilla-inflicted injuries,
Honde Valley, 1976. 156
Fig. 5.4: People dumped in Protected Villages, Honde Valley, 1977. 161
Fig. 6.1: Signing the Unity Accord. 180
Fig. 6.2: Saying ‘No’ to corruption. 182
Fig. 6.3: Police during the General Strike, 1997. 195
Fig. 7.1: Morgan Tsvangirai addresses an MDC rally. 204
Fig. 7.2: NCA protest against the government’s draft constitution. 210
Fig. 7.3: Calling for land at a ZANU(PF) rally. 214
Fig. 7.4: A woman is forced to destroy her own home in
Operation Murambatsvina. 221
Fig. 7.5: MDC and civic leaders are released from custody after
severe beatings by the security services on 11 March 2007. 228
Fig. 7.6: Mugabe Must Go! 230
vii
Acronyms
AAG Affirmative Action Group
ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific countries
AEU Amalgamated Engineering Union
AIPPA Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act
ANC African National Congress or African National Council
BSAC British South Africa Company
BSAP British South Africa Police
CAS Capricorn Africa Society
CCJPZ Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe
CFU Commercial Farmers Union
CHRA Combined Harare Residents’ Association
CIO Central Intelligence Organization
CYL City Youth League
DSA District Security Assistant
ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme
EU European Union
FBAWU Federation of Bulawayo African Workers Union
FLS Frontline States
FRELIMO Front for the Liberation of Mozambique
FROLIZI Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe
IBDC Indigenous Business Development Centre
IBWO Indigenous Business Women’s Organisation
ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
IMF International Monetary Fund
IRA Inter-racial Association
JMO Joint Marketing Organisation
LDO Land Development Officer
MDC Movement for Democratic Change
MK Umkhonto we Sizwe
NAM Non-aligned Movement
NCA National Constitutional Assembly
NDP National Democratic Party
NEPCO National Export Promotion Council
NGO Non-governmental Organization
NIBMAR No Independence Before Majority Rule
viii
Acronyms ix
NLHA Native Land Husbandry Act
OAU Organisation of African Unity
PF-ZAPU Patriotic Front – Zimbabwe African People’s Union
POSA Public Order and Security Act
RAR Rhodesian African Rifles
RENAMO Mozambique National Resistance
RF Rhodesian Front
RICU Reformed Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union
RRAEA Rhodesian Railways African Employees Association
SADC Southern African Development Community
SADCC Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference
SRATUC Southern Rhodesian African Trade Union Congress
SRBVA Southern Rhodesian Bantu Voters’ Association
TILCOR Tribal Trust Lands Development Corporation
TTL Tribal Trust Lands
TUC Trade Union Congress
UANC United African National Council
UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence
UFP United Federal Party
UN United Nations
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
VIDCO Village Development Committee
WADCO Ward Development Committee
WOZA Woman of Zimbabwe Arise
ZACU Zimbabwe African Congress of Unions
ZANLA Zimbabwe National Liberation Army
ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union
ZANU(PF) Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front)
ZAPU Zimbabwe African People’s Union
ZCTU Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions
ZIPA Zimbabwe People’s Army
ZIPRA Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army
ZLC Zimbabwe Liberation Council
ZNLWVA Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association
ZWW Zimbabwe Women Writers