BEARING CAPACITY OF ROADS, RAILWAYS AND AIRFIELDS PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE BEARING CAPACITY OF ROADS, RAILWAYS AND AIRFIELDS, CHAMPAIGN, ILLINOIS, USA, JUNE 29–JULY 2, 2009 Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields Editors Erol Tutumluer & Imad L. Al-Qadi Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA VOLUME I CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK Typeset by Vikatan Publishing Solutions (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed and bound in the USA by Edwards Brothers, Inc, Lillington, NC All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher. Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the informa- tion herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. Published by: CRC Press/Balkema P.O. Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk – www.balkema.nl ISBN: 978-0-415-87199-0 (set of 2 volumes + CD-ROM) ISBN: 978-0-415-80432-5 (vol 1) ISBN: 978-0-415-87200-3 (vol 2) ISBN: 978-0-203-86528-6 (ebook) Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields – Tutumluer & Al-Qadi (eds) © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-87199-0 Table of contents Preface XV E. Tutumluer & I.L. Al-Qadi Organization XVII VOLUME I Keynote presentations Recent and landmark improvements in performance characterization of unbound aggregate bases and subbases and sublayers comprised of Chemically Stabilized Materials (CSMs) 3 D.N. Little The performance of rail track incorporating the effects of ballast breakage, confining pressure and geosynthetic reinforcement 5 B. Indraratna, S. Nimbalkar & D. Christie Airport pavement design for the 21st century 25 S.K. Agrawal Subgrade soils Improving subgrade strength and pavement performance by chemical treating subgrade soils 29 N. Bandara & M.J. Grazioli Study of dry sludge stabilization from Water Treatment Plant (WTP) in Taiaçupeba to use as compacted soil in earthwork ditches 37 R.M. Fortes, J.V. Merighi, D.R. Pauli, M.A.L. Barros, M.H. de Carvalho, N.C. Menetti, Á.S. Barbosa, F.V. Ribeiro & B.B. Bento Alternatives to heavy test rolling for cohesive subgrade assessment 45 D.J. White, P.K.R. Vennapusa, H.H. Gieselman, L. Johanson & J. Siekmeier A comparative subgrade evaluation using CBR, vane shear, light weight deflectometer, and resilient modulus tests 57 N. Garg, A. Larkin & H. Brar Stabilization of clays using liquid enzymes 65 Y. Yilmaz, A.G. Gungor & C. Avsar The effect of moisture hysteresis on resilient modulus of subgrade soils 71 C. Khoury & N. Khoury Dynamic properties of a full weathering granite subgrade and other pavement materials studied by model tests 79 J. Zou, Z. Li & X. Cao V The use of geofiber and synthetic fluid for stabilizing marginal soils 89 K. Hazirbaba & B. Connor Subgrade modification—practitioner’s experience 97 T. McCleary “Baku Bayil Yard Site” soil improvement geotechnical works 107 E. Guler, A. Gure & E. Cetin Resilient characteristics of bottom ash 117 H.H. Titi, A.R. Coenen & M.B. Elias Precision triaxial equipment for the evaluation of the elastic behavior of soils 125 N. Araújo & A. Gomes Correia Granular materials A performance study of different curing materials applied to soil-Portland cement base course cure 137 R.M. Fortes & J.V. Merighi Pavement base unbound granular materials gradation optimization 145 J.P. Bilodeau, G. Doré & P. Pierre Influence of the macroscopic cohesion on the 3D FE modeling of a flexible pavement rut depth 155 F. Allou, C. Petit, C. Chazallon & P. Hornych Effect of grading and moisture on the deformation properties of unbound granular aggregates 167 L.U. Mathisen IDOT test loop: Evaluating the field performance of various dense graded aggregates 179 G. Heckel Analytical evaluation of unbound granular layers in regard to permanent deformation 187 L.A.T. Brito, A.R. Dawson & P.J. Kolisoja Processed Portuguese steel slag—A new geomaterial 197 A. Gomes Correia, S.M. Reis Ferreira, A.J. Roque & A. Cavalheiro Resilient modulus of hydraulically bound road base materials with high volume waste dust 205 H. Al Nageim & P. Visulios Characterizing natural and recycled granular materials for (sub)base layers of roads by cyclic triaxial testing 215 C. Grégoire, B. Dethy, J. Detry & A. Gomes Correia Resilient modulus of unbound base material containing extra waste Stancombe limestone dust 225 B. Saghafi & H. Al Nageim Characterizing aggregate permanent deformation behavior based on types and amounts of fines 237 D. Mishra, E. Tutumluer, J. Kern & A. Butt Asphalt mixtures Use of polymer modified binders to reduce rutting in Nordic asphalt pavements 249 B.O. Lerfald, J. Aurstad & N.S. Uthus VI Contribution of asphalt mix components to permanent deformation resistance 259 P.M. Muraya, A.A.A. Molenaar & M.F.C. van de Ven A new rutting evaluation indicator for asphalt mixtures 269 K. Su, L. Sun, Y. Hachiya & R. Maekawa Evaluation of different predictive dynamic modulus models of asphalt mixtures used in Argentina 275 F.O. Martínez & S.M. Angelone Development of wear resistant pavements using polymer modified binders 285 R.G. Saba, L.J. Bakløkk, J. Aksnes & B.O. Lerfald Permanent deformation evaluation of Idaho Superpave mixes using the gyratory stability 295 F. Bayomy, A. Abu Abdo & M.J. Santi Prediction of the dynamic modulus of Superpave mixes 305 A. Abu Abdo, F. Bayomy, R. Nielsen, T. Weaver, S.J. Jung & M.J. Santi Laboratory evaluation of warm mix asphalt using Sasobit® 315 S.W. Goh, Y. Liu & Z. You Dynamic modulus prediction of asphalt concrete using three tensile tests 321 S. Adhikari & Z. You Assessing low temperature properties of asphalt materials by means of static testing techniques 327 M. Wistuba, K. Mollenhauer & K. Metzker Ageing of stone mastic asphalt and evaluation of cracking resistance 339 S. Büchler, K. Mollenhauer, M. Wistuba & P. Renken Fatigue resistance of hot mix asphalt at low temperatures—Is there a way to reduce the test efforts? 349 K. Mollenhauer & M. Wistuba Hot mix asphalt produced from marble waste 359 C. Gurer, H. Akbulut & A. Yildiz Discrete element analysis of aggregate variability, blending, and fracture in asphalt mixture 367 E. Masad, E. Mahmoud & S. Nazarian Multidirectional behavior of bituminous mixture 377 P. Clec’h, C. Sauzéat & H. Di Benedetto Design of pavements containing foamed bitumen recycled layers 387 M. Losa, R. Bacci, A. Terrosi Axerio & P. Leandri Long-term study on asphalt mixture segregation in Connecticut: Preliminary results on use of MTV 397 D.J. Nener-Plante & A. Zofka In-situ measurement techniques and developments Development of the UK highways agency traffic speed deflectometer 409 B. Ferne, P. Langdale, N. Round & R. Fairclough Implementation of a network-level falling weight deflectometer survey of Virginia’s interstate system 419 B.K. Diefenderfer, T. Chowdhury & R.A. Shekharan VII Application of FBG strain sensors in the measurement of three-directional strains within asphalt pavement 427 D. Zejiao, T. Yiqiu, C. Fengchen & L. Hao 3D visualization model of road surface 435 X. Li, S. Ma & X. Hou Three years of high speed deflectograph measurements of the Danish state road network 443 S. Baltzer A method for benefiting pavement quality assurance measures related to roughness condition surveys 451 C. Plati & A. Loizos Structural roadway assessment with frequency response function 459 J.-M. Simonin, D. Lièvre & J.-C. Dargenton Deflection measurement: The need of a continuous and full view approach 467 J.-M. Simonin, L.-M. Cottineau, V. Muzet, C. Heinkele & Y. Guillard Modeling & methods of functional testing Laboratory characterization of half-warm mix asphalts with high recycling rate by means of the factorial experiment design approach 479 F. Olard, E. Beduneau, D. Bonneau, S. Dupriet & N. Seignez Viability of the use of construction and demolition debris in hot mix asphalt 487 I. Pérez, M. Toledano & J. Gallego Thermal stresses of asphalt pavement with temperature-dependent modulus of elasticity 495 Y. Zhong & L.Geng Rigid pavement reinforcement: Modeling of structural behavior 503 P. Domingos, M.L. Antunes & J.M.C. Neves Development and testing of low noise pavements in Norway 513 J. Aksnes, R.G. Saba & T. Berge Roughness progression models by regression and artificial neural network techniques 521 E. Taddesse & H. Mork Joint modeling for JPCP: Successes and pending problems 531 E.H. Guo Mechanistic modelling of potential interlayer slip at base sub-base level 543 E. Horak, J.W. Maina, S.E. Emery & B. Walker PFC2D simulation research on vibrating compaction test of soil and rock aggregate mixture 551 X. Jia, H. Chai, Z. Yan & Y. Zheng Axi-symmetric analyses of vertically inhomogeneous elastic multilayered systems 561 J.W. Maina, Y. Ozawa & K. Matsui Models to estimate k subgrade reaction modulus values based on deflection basin parameters 571 C.Y. Suzuki, C.R.G. Santos, S. Ferri, F.M. Lopes, R.T.G. Cruz & A.M. Azevedo VIII Application of gray theory in settlement forecast of rock-fill highway embankment 581 X. Wang, W. Qin, M.C. Wang & Z. Wang FEM analysis of the bearing plate deflection tests on rubblized concrete pavement 589 Y. Liu, Y. Sheng & L. Wang Data mining applied to compaction of geomaterials 597 R. Marques, A. Gomes Correia & P. Cortez Finite element analyses of pavement materials at or near failure: A constant bulk modulus approach 607 C. Gonzalez & S. Jersey Use of 3-dimensional discrete element model to examine aggregate layer particle movement due to load wander 619 P.R. Donovan, E. Tutumluer & H. Huang Backcalculation analyses of deflection measurements Backcalculation of the stiffnesses of cement treated base courses using artificial intelligence 633 M. Miradi, A.A.A. Molenaar, M.F.C. van de Ven & S. Molenaar Bearing capacity assessment of recycled asphalt pavements 643 V. Papavasiliou & A. Loizos Dynamic analysis of non-destructive tests 653 W.T. van Bijsterveld & R.L. Álvarez Loranca Automated pavement thickness evaluation for FWD backcalculation 661 K.R. Maser, L.A. McGrath, B.C. Miller, H. Ceylan & G. Sanati Analysis of FWD data and characterization of airfield pavement materials in New Mexico 669 M.U. Ahmed, R. Bisht & R.A. Tarefder SOFTSYS for backcalculation of full-depth asphalt pavement layer moduli 679 O. Pekcan, E. Tutumluer & J. Ghaboussi Deterministic-empirical backcalculation of LWD deflection basins 689 R.N. Stubstad, H.C. Korsgaard, K. Olsen & J.P. Pedersen New and/or innovative techniques in compaction & construction Long-term in-situ measurements of concrete culverts with high fills 697 J. Vaslestad, G.Y. Yesuf & T.H. Johansen Research and applications of new pavement structure based on large stone porous asphalt mixture 707 B. Yufeng, W. Songgen & G. Huber Fiber-reinforced concrete pavement design and material requirements 717 A. Bordelon & J.R. Roesler Using falling weight deflectometer data for new construction interactive design 729 C.A. Lenngren Appraisal of density-based field compaction control test validity 739 J. Sadrekarimi & S. Seyyedi IX