Beach-spawning fishes : reproduction in an endangered ecosystem.

222 Pages·2015·2.927 MB·English

by  Keyth Richardson, David Foskett, Patricia Paskins, Steve Thorpe

LIFE SCIENCE M
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Beach-
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Reproduction in an Endangered Ecosystem
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Beach-spawning fishes from exotic locations on most continents of the
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world provide spectacular examples of extreme adaptations during the
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most vulnerable life cycle stages. The beauty, intriguing biology, and
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importance of these charismatic fishes at the interface between marine a
and terrestrial ecosystems have inspired numerous scientific studies. w RReepprroodduuccttiioonn iinn aann
Adaptations of behavior, physiology, development, and ecology are
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gathered together for the first time in this book.
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Beach-Spawning Fishes: Reproduction in an Endangered

Ecosystem serves as a comprehensive guide to beach spawning, F
a charismatic animal behavior that is seen in a surprising number of i
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teleost species. This unexpected form of reproduction provides a
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window into the ecology of coastal areas, the behaviors and physiology e
necessary for fishes and their eggs to adapt to terrestrial conditions, s
and the threats and challenges for conservation and management.
Beach-spawning species include important forage fishes such as the
capelin, exotic fishes such as the fugu puffer, and the spectacular
midnight runs of the California grunion.
Karen L. M. Martin
K21560
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
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New York, NY 10017
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www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com
K21560_cover.indd 1 7/30/14 11:03 AM

Beach-
Spawning
Fishes
Reproduction in an
Endangered Ecosystem

Beach-
Spawning
Fishes
Reproduction in an
Endangered Ecosystem
Karen L. M. Martin
Pepperdine University
Malibu, California, USA
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140716
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This book is dedicated to Doug Martin,
always my favorite Pisces and the best catch of any day.

Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xiii
Introduction ..............................................................................................................xv
About the Author ....................................................................................................xix
Chapter 1 A Leap of Faith: The Evolution of Beach Spawning in Fishes ............1
1.1 Overview of Biogeography and Ecology of
Beach-Spawning Fishes ............................................................1
1.2 Fish Families with Many Intertidal Species Also Have
Many Species That Spawn on Beaches .....................................4
1.3 Some Lineages Indicate Independent Origins of
Beach-Spawning Behavior ........................................................5
1.4 Some Teleost Fish Species Spawn on Beaches and Other
Habitats ......................................................................................6
1.5 Lineages That Include Multiple Species of Beach-
Spawning Fishes Show Multiple Independent Origins
of This Behavior ........................................................................8
1.6 The Leap of Faith, Plastic Behavior, and Evolution ................11
References ..........................................................................................12
Chapter 2 Surf, Sand, and Beach: Physical Conditions of Shore Habitats
for Fishes ............................................................................................17
2.1 Tidal Ebb and Flow Alter Habitat Conditions Rapidly
and Predictably on Beaches .....................................................17
2.2 Some Fish Species Are Resident in the Intertidal Zones
during All Parts of the Tidal Cycle, Others Visit Only at
High Tide .................................................................................19
2.3 Beach Spawning for Fishes Usually Occurs during High Tides ...19
2.4 Beach-Spawning Behavior in Fishes May Not Involve
Air Breathing ...........................................................................20
2.5 Beach Spawning Occurs on Specific Substrates .....................21
2.6 Few Species of Freshwater Fishes Spawn at the Water’s Edge ...23
2.7 Air, Freshwater, and Seawater Have Very Different
Properties as Respiratory Media .............................................24
2.8 Beach-Spawning Fishes Are Global in Distribution ...............26
References ..........................................................................................26
Chapter 3 Locals Only: Beach-Spawning Behavior in Resident Intertidal Fishes ...33
3.1 Many Teleosts Reproduce with Pelagic Eggs ..........................33
3.2 Beach-Spawning Fishes Produce Demersal Eggs ...................34
vii
viii Contents
3.3 Diverse Mating Behaviors and Mating Systems Are Seen
in Beach-Spawning Fishes That Are Intertidal Residents ......35
3.4 Fishes That Reside in the Rocky Intertidal Zone Spawn
on the Rocky Beach .................................................................37
3.5 Fishes in Estuaries Spawn on Beaches at the Water’s
Edge or on Intertidal Mud Flats ..............................................43
3.6 Summary of Beach Spawning by Resident Intertidal Fishes .....47
References ..........................................................................................48
Chapter 4 Vacation Sex: Subtidal Fishes That Make Spawning Migrations
to the Beach ........................................................................................55
4.1 Some Species Migrate into the Rocky Intertidal Zone
to Spawn ..................................................................................57
4.2 Some Species Migrate onto Gravel Beaches to Spawn ...........60
4.3 Some Fishes Migrate onto Sandy Beaches to Spawn ..............65
4.4 Some Fishes Spawn on Intertidal or Nearshore Vegetation .......67
4.5 Some Beach-Spawning Fishes Are Anadromous or
Catadromous ............................................................................68
4.6 Some Fishes Appear to Be Transitioning toward Beach
Spawning .................................................................................69
4.7 Summary for Fishes That Migrate from Other Habitats to
Spawn on Beaches ...................................................................71
References ..........................................................................................73
Chapter 5 Catching a Breath: Beach-Spawning Fishes and Air Breathing ........79
5.1 How Are Emergence and Air Breathing Beneficial
for Beach-Spawning Fishes? ...................................................79
5.2 Intertidal Fishes Show Gradients of Amphibious
Behavior and Air Breathing ....................................................80
5.3 Respiratory Structures for Amphibious Fishes
Are Similar for Water and Air .................................................84
5.4 Respiratory Structures Undergo Modification as
Conditions Change ..................................................................87
5.5 Metabolic Rate in Air during Emergence Is Similar to
Metabolic Rate in Water for Many Amphibious Fishes ..........87
5.6 Terrestrial Activity Increases the Rate of Aerial Gas
Exchange for Amphibious Fishes ............................................89
5.7 Many Amphibious Fishes Show Hypoxia Tolerance ...............90
5.8 Estuarine Fishes That Spawn on Beaches May Breathe
Air Whether or Not They Emerge ...........................................90
5.9 Fishes That Migrate into the Intertidal Zone and Emerge
during Beach Spawning Do Not Breathe Air ..........................91
5.10 The Gas Bladder Has Nonrespiratory Functions in
Beach-Spawning Fishes ...........................................................93
5.11 Air Emergence Has Physiological Consequences for Fishes ......94