Table Of Content

BatteryTechnologies Battery Technologies Materials and Components Edited by Jianmin Ma Editor AllbookspublishedbyWILEY-VCHarecarefully produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and Prof.JianminMa publisherdonotwarranttheinformation UniversityofElectronicScienceand containedinthesebooks,includingthisbook, TechnologyofChina tobefreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeep SchoolofMaterialsandEnergy inmindthatstatements,data,illustrations, No.2006,XiyuanAve proceduraldetailsorotheritemsmay WestHi-TechZone inadvertentlybeinaccurate. 611731Chengdu China LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor CoverImage:©Immersion BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData Imagery/Shutterstock Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable fromtheBritishLibrary. Bibliographicinformationpublishedby theDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliotheklists thispublicationintheDeutsche Nationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographic dataareavailableontheInternetat <http://dnb.d-nb.de>. ©2022WILEY-VCHGmbH,Boschstr.12, 69469Weinheim,Germany Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof translationintootherlanguages).Nopartof thisbookmaybereproducedinanyform–by photoprinting,microfilm,oranyother means–nortransmittedortranslatedintoa machinelanguagewithoutwrittenpermission fromthepublishers.Registerednames, trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhen notspecificallymarkedassuch,arenottobe consideredunprotectedbylaw. PrintISBN:978-3-527-34858-9 ePDFISBN:978-3-527-83004-6 ePubISBN:978-3-527-83003-9 oBookISBN:978-3-527-83005-3 Typesetting Straive,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Contents Preface xiii 1 Li-IonBattery 1 RuipingLiu 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 HistoryoftheLithium-IonBattery 1 1.1.2 BasicStructureofLithium-IonBattery 1 1.1.3 WorkingMechanismsofLithium-IonBattery 2 1.1.4 CharacteristicsofLithium-IonBatteries 3 1.2 CathodeMaterialsforLithium-IonBatteries 4 1.2.1 Layer-StructuredCathodeMaterials 4 1.2.2 Spinel-StructuredCathodeMaterials 7 1.2.3 Olivine-StructuredCathodeMaterials 9 1.3 AnodeMaterialsforLIBs 9 1.3.1 IntercalationAnodeMaterials 11 1.3.2 AlloyAnodeMaterials 13 1.3.3 ConversionAnodeMaterials 14 1.3.4 LithiumMetalAnode 17 1.4 Electrolyte 19 1.4.1 LiquidElectrolyte 19 1.4.1.1 LithiumSalts 19 1.4.1.2 OrganicSolvent 20 1.4.1.3 FunctionalAdditives 22 1.4.2 SolidElectrolyte 23 1.4.2.1 PolymerElectrolyte 25 1.4.2.2 Li NanditsDerivatives 25 3 1.4.2.3 PerovskiteSolidElectrolyte 26 1.4.2.4 LISICON 27 1.4.2.5 NASICON 27 1.4.2.6 Garnet 28 1.4.2.7 GlassyInorganicSolidElectrolyte 29 1.5 Separators 31 1.5.1 PolyolefinSeparator 34 vi Contents 1.5.2 PolymerswithHighMeltingPointsforSeparators 36 1.5.3 InorganicCompositeSeparators 36 1.6 ConclusionsandPerspective 38 Acknowledgments 39 References 39 2 Li–O Battery 47 2 ZhijiaZhang,JunWang,ShaofeiZhang,ShihaoSun,andXiaMa 2.1 Li–O Battery 47 2 2.1.1 Introduction 47 2.1.2 CathodeMaterials 49 2.1.2.1 Carbon-BasedMaterials 49 2.1.2.2 NobleMetal-BasedMaterials 54 2.1.2.3 Non-nobleMetal-BasedMaterials 57 2.1.3 AnodeMaterials 64 2.1.4 Electrolyte 67 2.1.4.1 OrganicElectrolyte 67 2.1.4.2 Quasi-Solid-StateElectrolyte 67 2.1.4.3 Solid-StateElectrolyte 72 2.1.5 Separator 73 2.1.6 FromLi–O BatteriestoLi–AirBatteries 76 2 2.1.7 SummaryandPerspective 76 Acknowledgments 78 References 78 3 Li–SulfurBattery 87 XiaoqunQi,FengyiYang,andLongQie 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Fundamentals 88 3.3 Cathodes 89 3.3.1 SCathodes 89 3.3.1.1 PhysicalConfinement 90 3.3.1.2 PhysicalBlocking 90 3.3.1.3 PolymericOrganosulfur 92 3.3.1.4 ChemicalAdsorptionandCatalysis 93 3.3.2 Li SCathodes 97 2 3.4 Electrolytes 98 3.4.1 EtherElectrolyte 98 3.4.2 Carbonate-Based 99 3.4.3 Nitrile-Based 100 3.4.4 Sulfones/Sulfoxides-Based 101 3.4.5 IonicLiquids 105 3.4.6 Polymer/Solid-StateElectrolytes 105 3.4.7 Additives 108 3.5 Anodes 109 Contents vii 3.5.1 LiAnodes 109 3.5.2 CarbonAnodes 112 3.5.3 SiliconAnodes 113 3.6 ChallengesandPerspectives 113 References 116 4 Na-IonBattery 125 XiaochuanDuan,LeiWang,andJianminMa 4.1 Introduction 125 4.1.1 HistoryofSodium-IonBatteries 125 4.1.2 CompositionandWorkingMechanismofSIBs 126 4.2 CathodeMaterialsforSIBs 127 4.2.1 LayeredTransitionMetalOxide 128 4.2.2 PolyanionicCompounds 130 4.2.3 Hexacyanoferrates 132 4.2.4 OrganicCompounds 133 4.3 AnodeMaterialsforSIBs 133 4.3.1 InsertionAnodeMaterials 134 4.3.1.1 CarbonMaterials 134 4.3.1.2 Titanium-BasedOxide 137 4.3.2 AlloyedAnodeMaterials 138 4.3.3 Conversion-TypeAnodeMaterials 140 4.4 ElectrolytesforSIBs 142 4.4.1 AqueousElectrolytes 144 4.4.2 OrganicElectrolytes 144 4.4.3 Solid-StateElectrolytes 145 4.4.3.1 SolidPolymerElectrolytes 145 4.4.3.2 InorganicSolidElectrolytes 146 4.5 SeparatorsforSIBs 147 4.5.1 GlassFiberSeparator 147 4.5.2 ModifiedPolyolefinSeparator 147 4.5.3 OtherSeparator 148 References 149 5 Na–O Battery 153 2 HaiyingLu,XianghongChen,YuLei,FengXiao,WeiyinGao,JiakuiZhang, SaiZhao,MinYan,ChenxinRan,andJiantieXu 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 FundamentalPrinciples 154 5.3 CathodeMaterials 155 5.3.1 CarbonMaterials 156 5.3.2 MetalsandTheirOxides 164 5.3.2.1 NobleMetalsandTheirOxides 164 5.3.2.2 Non-nobleMetalsandTheirOxides 165 5.3.2.3 DualFunctionalComposites 168 viii Contents 5.4 AnodeMaterials 169 5.4.1 ModificationofNaMetalAnode 170 5.4.2 CarbonMaterialsModifiedNaAnode 174 5.4.3 MetalAlloys/Composites/Hybrids 177 5.5 Electrolytes 178 5.5.1 Carbonate-BasedElectrolyte 179 5.5.2 Ether-BasedElectrolyte 179 5.5.3 DMSO-andACN-BasedElectrolytes 183 5.5.4 IonicLiquid-BasedElectrolyte 185 5.6 MechanismStudies 189 5.7 ConclusionandPerspectives 192 Acknowledgments 194 References 195 6 Zn-IonBattery 201 GaoxueJiang,YurongRen,XiaobingHuang,andJianminMa 6.1 Introduction 201 6.2 Fundamentals 202 6.3 CathodeMaterials 204 6.3.1 Manganese-BasedMaterials 204 6.3.2 Vanadium-BasedMaterials 208 6.3.3 PrussianBlueAnalogous 210 6.3.4 OtherTypesofCathodeMaterials 212 6.4 ZnAnode 212 6.4.1 ZincAlloyAnode 214 6.4.2 SurfaceModificationofZnAnode 215 6.4.3 StructuralOptimizationoftheZnAnode 216 6.5 AqueousElectrolytes 217 6.5.1 TypesofZincSalts 217 6.5.2 ConcentrationofZincSalt 218 6.5.3 ElectrolyteAdditives 219 6.6 ChallengesandPerspectives 222 References 223 7 Zn–AirBattery 229 J.AlbertoBlázquez,AroaR.Mainar,andElenaIruin 7.1 Introduction 229 7.1.1 Metal–AirBatteries 230 7.1.2 HistoryofZinc-BasedTechnologies 232 7.1.3 SecondaryZinc–AirBatteries 233 7.1.3.1 Rechargeability 233 7.1.3.2 IndustrialApproximations 234 7.1.3.3 Limitations 234 7.2 ElectrolyteSystem 237 7.2.1 MechanismsforZincDissolution 237