Battery Reference Book PDF
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T. R. Crom R e Boo1 m i Thirc Battery Reference Book Battery Reference Book Third Edition T R Crompton MSC, BSic Newnes OXFORD AlJCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI Newnes An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd -&A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group First published 1990 Second edition 1995 Thrd edition 2000 0 Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 1990, 1995, 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 07506 4625 X Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Typeset by Laser Words, Madras, India Printed in Great Britain Contents Preface 4 Nickel batteries Acknowledgements Nickel-cadmium secondary batteries . Nickel-iron secondary batteries . Nickel-zinc secondary batteries 1 1ntroduc:tiont o battery technology . Nickel-hydrogen secondary batteries . Nickel-metal hydride secondary batteries . Sodium-nickel chloride Electromotive force . Reversible cells . Reversible secondary batteries electrodes . Relationship between electrical energy and energy content of a cell . Free energy changes and elec- tromotive forces in cells . Relationship between the 5 Silver batteries energy changes accompanying a cell reaction and con- Silver oxide-zinc primary batteries . Silver-zinc sec- centration of the reactants . Single electrode potentials ondary batteries . Silver-cadmium secondary batteries . Activities of electrolyte solutions . Influence of ionic . Silver-hydrogen secondary batteries concentration1 in the electrolyte on electrode poten- tial . Effect of sulphuric acid concentration on e.m.f. in the lead-acid battery . End-of-charge and end-of- 6 Alkaline manganese batteries discharge e.m.f. values . Effect of cell temperature on Alkaline manganese primary batteries . Alkaline man- e.m.f. in the lead-acid battery . Effect of tempera- ganese secondary batteries ture and temperature coefficient of voltage dEldT on heat content change of cell reaction . Derivation of the number of electrons involved in a cell reaction . 7 Carbon-zinc and carbon-zinc chloride Thermodynamic calculation of the capacity of a bat- primary batteries tery . Calculation of initial volume of sulphuric acid . Calculation of operating parameters for a lead-acid Carbon-zinc batteries . Carbon-zinc chloride batteries battery from calorimetric measurements . Calculation of optimum acid volume for a cell Effect of cell lay- 8 Mercury batteries out in batteries on battery characteristics . Calculation of energy density of cells . Effect of discharge rate on Mercury-zinc primary batteries . Mercury-indium- performance characteristics . Heating effects in batter- bismuth and mercury -cadmium primary batteries ies . Spontaneous reaction in electrochemical cells . Pressure development in sealed batteries 9 Lithium batteries Introduction . Lithium- sulphur dioxide primary 2 Guidelines to battery selection batteries . Lithium-thionyl chloride primary batteries . Lithium-vanadium pentoxide primary batteries Primary batteries . Secondary batteries . Conclusion . Lithium-manganese dioxide primary batteries . Lithium-copper oxide primary batteries . Lithium- silver chromate primary batteries . Lithium-lead Pat3 1 Battery Characteristics bismuthate primary cells . Lithium-polycarbon 3 Lead-acid secondary batteries monofluoride primary batteries . Lithium solid electrolyte primary batteries . Lithium-iodine primary Open-type lead-acid batteries . Non-spill lead-acid batteries . Lithium-molybdenum disulphide secondary batteries . Recombining sealed lead-acid batteries batteries . Lithium (aluminium) iron monosulphide v vi Contents secondary batteries . Lithium-iron disulphide primary 20 Silver batteries cells . Lithium- silver-vanadium pentoxide batteries Silver oxide-zinc primary batteries . Silver-zinc sec- ondary batteries . Silver-cadmium secondary batteries 10 Manganese dioxide-magnesium perchlorate primary batteries 21 Alkaline manganese batteries Reserve type Alkaline manganese primary batteries . Alkaline man- ganese secondary batteries 11 Magnesium-organic electrolyte primary batteries 22 Carbon-zinc and carbon-zinc chloride 12 Metal-air cells batteries Zinc-air primary batteries . Zinc-air secondary bat- teries . Cadmium-air secondary batteries . Alu- Carbon-zinc primary batteries . Carbon-zinc chloride minium-air secondary batteries . Iron-air secondary primary batteries batteries 23 Mercury-zinc batteries 13 High-temperature thermally activated Mercury-zinc primary batteries . Mercury-zinc car- primary reserve batteries diac pacemaker batteries Performance characteristics of calcium anode thermal batteries . Performance characteristics of lithium anode thermal batteries 24 Lithium batteries Lithium-sulphur dioxide primary batteries . Lithium- 14 Zinc-halogen secondary batteries thionyl chloride primary batteries . Lithium-vanadium pentoxide primary batteries . Lithium solid elec- Zinc-chlorine secondary batteries . Zinc-bromine trolyte primary batteries . Lithium-iodine prim- secondary batteries ary batteries . Lithium-manganese dioxide primary batteries . Lithium-copper oxide primary batteries 15 Sodium-sulphur secondary batteries . Lithium-carbon monofluoride primary batteries . Lithium-molybdenum disulphide secondary batteries 16 Other fast-ion conducting solid . Lithium (aluminium) iron sulphide secondary cells . systems Lithium-iron disulphide primary batteries 17 Water-activated primary batteries Magnesium-silver chloride batteries . Zinc- silver 25 Manganese dioxide-magnesium chloride batteries . Magnesium-cuprous chloride bat- perchlorate primary batteries teries 26 Metal-air batteries Part 2 Battery theory and design Zinc-air primary batteries . Metal-air secondary bat- teries . Aluminium-air secondary reserve batteries 18 Lead-acid secondary batteries Chemical reactions during battery cycling . Mainten- 27 High-temperature thermally activated ance-free lead-acid batteries . Important physical primary batteries characteristics of antimonial lead battery grid alloys . Lead alloy development in standby (stationary) Calcium anode-based thermal batteries . Lithium anode batteries . Separators for lead-acid automotive thermal batteries . Lithium alloy thermal batteries batteries Further reading 28 Zinc- halogen secondary batteries 19 Nickel batteries Nickel-cadmium secondary batteries . Nickel-hydro- Zinc-chlorine batteries . Zinc-bromine batteries gen and silver-hydrogen secondary batteries . Nickel-zinc secondary batteries . Nickel-metal 29 Sodium-sulphur secondary batteries hydride secondary batteries . Nickel-iron secondary batteries . Sodium-nickel chloride secondary batteries References on sodium-sulphur batteries Contents vii Pard: 3 Battery performance evaluation 37 Mercury batteries 30 Primary batteries Mercury -zinc primary batteries . Mercury-cadmium primary batteries . Mercury-indium-bismuth primary Service time--voltage data . Service life-ohmic load batteries curves . Effect of operating temperature on service life Voltage-capacity curves . Shelf life-percentage 38 Lithium primary batteries capacity retained . Other characteristic curves Lithium- sulphur dioxide . Lithium-vanadium pentox- ide . Lithium-thionyl chloride . Lithium-manganese 31 Secondary batteries dioxide . Lithium-copper oxide Lithium- silver chro- mate . Lithium-lead bismuthate . Lithium-polycarbon Discharge curves . Terminal voltage-discharge time monofluoride . Lithium solid electrolyte . Lithium- curves . Plateau voltage-battery temperature curves iodine . Comparison of lithium-iodine and nickel- Capacity returned (discharged capacity)-discharge I cadmium cells in CMOS-RAM applications . rate curves . Capacity returned (discharged capa- Lithium-iron disulphide primary cells . Lithium- city)-discharge temperature curves and percentage molybdenum disulphide secondary cells . Lithium withdrawable capacity returned-temperature curves (aluminium) iron sulphide secondary cells . Capacity returned (discharged capacity)-terminal voltage curves . Withdrawable capacity-terminal voltage cunies . Capacity returned (discharged 39 Manganese dioxide-magnesium capacity) -discharge current curves . Discharge perchlorate primary batteries rate-capacity returned (discharged capacity) curves . Discharge rate-terminal voltage curves . Discharge Reserve batteries . Non-reserve batteries rate-mid-point voltage curves . Discharge rate-energy density curves . Self-discharge characteristics and shelf 40 Metal-air batteries life . Float life characteristics Zinc-air Primary batteries . Zinc-air secondary bat- teries . Aluminium-air secondary batteries Part 4 Battery Applications 41 High-temperature thermally activated 32 Lead-acid secondary batteries primary batteries Stationary type or standby power batteries . Traction 42 Seawater-activated primary batteries or motive power type . Starting, lighting and ignition (SLI) or automotive batteries . Partially recombining 43 Electric vehicle secondary batteries sealed lead-acid batteries . Load levelling batteries . Electric vehicle batteries Lead-acid batteries . Other power sources for vehicle propulsion 33 Nickel lbatteries Part 5 Battery charging Nickel-cadmium secondary batteries . Nickel-zinc 44 Introduction secondary batteries . Nickel-hydrogen secondary batteries . Nickel-metal hydride secondary batteries 45 Constant-potential charging . Nickel-iron secondary batteries . Sodium-nickel chloride secondary batteries Standard CP charging . Shallow cycle CP charging of lead-acid batteries . Deep cycle CP charging of lead-acid batteries . Float CP charging of lead-acid 34 Silver batteries batteries . Two-step cyclic voltage-float voltage CP charging Silver-zinc primary batteries . Silver-zinc secondary batteries . Silver-cadmium batteries 46 Voltage-limited taper current charging of alkaline manganese dioxide batteries 35 Alkaline manganese primary batteries 47 Constant-current charging 36 Carbon-zinc primary batteries Charge control and charge monitoring of sealed Comparison of alkaline manganese and carbon-zinc nickel-cadmium batteries . The Eveready fast-charge cell drain rates . Drain characteristics of major con- cell (nickel-cadmium batteries) . Types of constant- sumer applications current charging . Two-step constant-current charging
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