Batteries in a Portable World: A Handbook on Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers, Fourth Edition PDF
Preview Batteries in a Portable World: A Handbook on Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2016 Cadex Electronics Inc. (Cadex). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher Cadex Electronics Inc. Cadex can be reached at 22000 Fraserwood Way, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada V6W 1J6, [email protected]; Phone: +1 604-231-7777; Fax: +1 604-231-7755. Cadex Europe (Frankfurt area in Germany) can be reached at +49 (0) 6105 975 11-0 Books published by Cadex may be purchased at select book stores and http://batteryuniversity.com/buy/. Digital copies are also available. Disclaimer While every effort was made to ensure that the information contained in this publication is accurate, Cadex Electronics Inc. (Cadex) does not warrant or guarantee accuracy and completeness; nor does Cadex take responsibility for errors, omissions or damages that may arise from this information. All trademarks used in conjunction with “Cadex” are the property of Cadex Electronics Inc. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Buchmann, Isidor, 1943– Batteries in a portable world: a handbook on rechargeable batteries for non-engineers. Fourth edition Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-9682118-4-7 1. Storage batteries. I. Cadex Electronics Inc. II. Title. Printed in Canada The information in this book is provided for the benefit of all battery users. Batteries have become our steady travel companion. They help us reach a friend, allow us to work outside the confines of four walls, offer entertainment when time permits and enable personal transportation. But most importantly, batteries connect humanity and support missions that help people in need. Idedicate this book to my five children and many grandchildren, who have a keen interest in batteries. They understand the importance of clean power to maintain freedom of mobility while protecting our environment and reducing the dependence on fossil fuel. They also want to pass our wonderful world to future generations as God’s gift to us, well-sustained and unspoiled by mankind. Contents With Special Thanks Acknowledgments Preface to the Fourth Edition Introduction Part One — Sharing Battery Knowledge Chapter 1 – Crash Course on Batteries When Was the Battery Invented? Early Batteries Invention of the Rechargeable Battery Electricity Through Magnetism Early Innovators Global Battery Markets Overview of Battery Types Advancements in Batteries Battery Breakthroughs: Myth or Fact? Getting to Know the Battery The Octagon Battery Comparing the Battery with Other Power Sources Battery Building Blocks Battery Definitions Primary Batteries Choices of Primary Batteries Secondary Batteries Chapter 2 – Battery Types Lead-based Batteries Sealed Lead Acid Starter Battery Deep-cycle Battery Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) New Lead Acid Systems Nickel-based Batteries Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) Nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) Nickel-iron (NiFe) Nickel-zinc NiZn) Nickel-hydrogen (NiH) Lithium-based Batteries Lithium-ion Architecture Types of Lithium-ion Batteries Lithium-polymer: Substance or Hype? Cycling Performance Nickel-cadmium Nickel-metal-hydride Lithium-ion Alternate Battery Systems Supercapacitor Fuel Cell Flow Battery Sodium-sulfur Zinc-air Silver-zinc Reusable Alkaline Future Batteries Lithium-air (Li-air) Lithium-metal (Li-metal) Solid-state Lithium Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) Sodium-ion (Na-ion) Chapter 3 – Packaging and Safety A Look at Old and New Battery Formats Cylindrical Cell Button Cell Prismatic Cell Pouch Cell Series and Parallel Connection Confusion with Voltages Protection Circuits Intrinsically Safe Batteries Safety Concerns with Li-ion Making Lithium-ion Safe Building a Lithium-ion Pack Meeting Safety Approvals Battery Components Battery Separator Electrolyte Availability of Lithium Graphite Cobalt Battery Raw Materials Chapter 4 – Charge Methods All about Chargers Types of Chargers Ultra-fast Charging What Is C-rate? Charging Lead Acid Watering Equalizing Charge How to Charge with a Power Supply Battery as a Buffer Charging Nickel-cadmium Charging Nickel-metal-hydride Charging Lithium-ion Charging at High and Low Temperatures Charging from a USB Port Charging Without Wires Charging with Solar, Turbine How to Store Renewable Energy in a Battery Charger Chips How to Charge – When to Charge Table Chapter 5 – Discharge Methods Basics About Discharging Depth of Discharge What Constitutes a Discharge Cycle? Discharging at High and Low Temperatures Discharge Characteristics of Li-ion Discharge Signature How to Calculate Battery Runtime How to Verify Sufficient Battery Capacity Chapter 6 – Smart Battery Inner Workings of a Smart Battery Single-wire Bus System Management Bus Fuel Gauge Calibration Processing Data from a Smart Battery Part Two — You and the Battery Chapter 7 – From Birth to Retirement Caring for the Battery How to Prime Batteries How to Store Batteries Health Concerns with Batteries How to Transport Batteries Shipping Lithium-based Batteries by Air Packaging Instruction 965 Packaging Instructions 966 and 967 Packaging Instruction 968 Packaging Instruction 969 and 970 How to Recycle Batteries Recycling Process Battery Recycling as a Business Summary Table of Battery Do’s and Don’ts Chapter 8 – How to Extend Battery Life Setting Performance Standards How to Rate Battery Runtime How to Define Battery Life Four Renegades of Battery Failure Declining Capacity Rising Internal Resistance Elevated Self-discharge End-of-discharge Voltage Can Batteries Be Restored? Cell Matching and Balancing Shorted Cells Loss of Electrolyte How to Prolong Lead Acid Batteries Corrosion, Shedding and Internal Short Sulfation Acid Stratification Surface Charge Additives How Age Affects Capacity and Resistance How Heat and Loading Affect Battery Life How to Restore Nickel-based Batteries Memory: Myth or Fact? Effect of Zapping How to Prolong Lithium-based Batteries
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