Bats of Barbuda, northern lesser Antilles

2007·11.2 MB·English

by  Scott C Pedersen

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Natural Science Research Laboratory
Occasional Papers
Museum of Texas Tech University Number 271 24 October 2007
Bats of Barbuda, Northern Lesser Antilles
C. A.
Scott Pedersen, Peter Larsen, HughH. Genoways,
N.
Mathew Morton, Level C. Lindsay, and Jerry Cindric
Abstract
Five species of bats are known to occur on the Lesser Antillean island of Barbuda—Noctilio
leporinus, Monophyllusplethodon, Brachyphylla cavernarum, Tadarida brasiliensis, and Molos¬
sus molossus. During the present study, two additional species of bats—Artibeus jamaicensis and
Natalus stramineus—were added to the chiropteran fauna of the island. Although the ecological
diversity of Barbuda is limited, this bat fauna matches those of islands in the region such as
Antigua, Nevis, and St. Kitts. It is proposed that this biodiversity of bats is maintained because
of the geology of Barbuda provides ample roosting sites and access to freshwater in caves, bluff
faces, and sinkholes. The conservation of the chiropteran fauna of Barbuda, therefore, depends
on the protection of these geological resources.
Key words: Artibeus jamaicensis, Barbuda, Chiroptera, Lesser Antilles, Natalus stramineus
Introduction
The island of Barbuda (17°40'N, 61°50'W) lies ography of bat species and how bat populations have
40 kilometers north of its political partner Antigua. fluctuated in response to ecological disasters (Pedersen
The island is mostly undeveloped and has a human et al. 1996, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008). The following
population of about 1,500. Bats are the only native combined data summarize work performed during a
mammals found on Barbuda (Varona 1974), but no six-day visit to Barbuda in the second week of February
systematic study of the bats of the island has been 1994 (Morton and Lindsay), four days during the first
published. Two groups of scientists have been working week of June 2003 (Pedersen, Larsen, and Genoways),
on the bat faunas throughout the Lesser Antilles since and six days of cave surveys performed in February
1993. Teams led by Mathew Morton (1994-99,2005) 2007 (Cindric 2007). Prior to this work five species
focused upon roost surveys on a number of islands of bats (Noctilio leporinus, Monophyllus plethodon,
throughout the region aiming to provide resources for Brachyphylla cavernarum, Tadarida brasiliensis, and
local conservation efforts and further study, whereas Molossus molossus) had been reported from Barbuda in
teams associated with Scott Pedersen (1993-2006) scattered publications. Breuil and Masson (1991) list
have focused primarily on the distribution and zooge¬ Artibeus jamaicensis from Barbuda in their compilation
2 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University
of the distribution of bats in the Lesser Antilles, but the Barbuda, giving the island a known chiropteran fauna
source of their record is unclear. Therefore, we docu¬ of seven species.
ment Artibeus jamaicensis and Natalus stramineus on
Methods
Study Area.—Barbuda is approximately 161 Voucher Specimens.—Seventy-six voucher
square kilometers in size. The island can be divided specimens of seven species of bats—Noctilio leporinus,
into two topographic units: The Highlands, with the Monophyllus plethodon, Artibeusjamaicensis, Brachy-
highest point at 42 m, is composed primarily of horizon¬ phylla cavernarum, Natalus stramineus, Tadarida
tally bedded Pliocene limestone deposits (Flemming brasiliensis, and Molossus molossus— were collected
and McFarlane 1998) forming a karst plateau that runs during our survey and deposited at the Museum of
along the east coast of the island; and the Marginal Texas Tech University. Eighty-one individuals were
Plain, which flanks the plateau on all sides except the captured and released. A survey of existing collections
east and is relatively flat, rarely exceeding 10 m above in three museums (American Museum of Natural Histo¬
sea level. Barbuda and Antigua lie on the Pleistocene ry, Museum of Comparative Zoology, and the National
Barbuda Bank of which approximately 80% lies at 40 Museum of Natural History) revealed an additional 52
m or less below sea level. Barbuda’s climate is sub¬ vouchers resulting from earlier incidental work done
tropical with temperatures ranging 18-45°C and rainfall on Barbuda. Forearm and cranial measurements were
averaging 100 cm per year. There are standing bodies taken with digital calipers. All measurements are re¬
of brackish water, and access to surface freshwater corded in millimeters and all weights are in grams.
before human occupation was probably limited to
temporary ponds following heavy rains. Harris (1965) Cave Surveys.—Rather than carry out a random¬
classified the majority of vegetation on the island as ized search along transects for potential roosts, we
evergreen woodland, which tends to be xerophytic and focused upon “likely” sites for the presence/absence
of low height. The island is covered primarily with of roosting bats. Caves are common on Barbuda and
cacti, agave, and thorny trees that form dense thickets. several important roosts were visited in 1994, 2003,
There are scattered palm trees that are often associated and 2007. More extensive descriptions of several of
with sinkholes, and introduced mango and banana trees the roosts listed below are presented elsewhere (un¬
appear in very small numbers (Watters et al. 1984). published 1994 Report to Environmental Action Group
Biodiversity Programme by M. Morton), whereas the
Survey Techniques.—Bats were captured in roosts formal cave surveys of2007 by J. Cindric will be pub¬
by hand or by using a variety of hand-nets, mist nets, lished separately. Several caves deserve mention here
and lightweight cargo nets. Mist netting for bats was and are discussed below.
limited due to the lack of habitat in which mist netting is
effective, that is, concentrations of fruit trees or sources Indian Cave is a prehistoric archaeological site
of open water. Although mist netting was done in most near Two Feet Bay along the northeast coast of Barbuda
of the caves that were visited (Fig. 1), only two nights (Figs. 1, 2, 3). The entrance to this cave is near the
of netting were conducted in foraging habitats (8 nets top of a low cliff and leads directly into a round side
at Dominic, 3 June 2003; 5 nets in the vicinity of Gun chamber called the Drop Cave, which extends into a
Shop Cave, 4 June 2003). Bats that were captured large chamber about 10 m high that was occupied by
and released were measured and examined (weight, A. jamaicensis and B. cavernarum in 1994, and by N.
forearm, reproductive status, tooth wear, presence of leporinus in 1994, 2003, and 2007. Continuing past
scars, and external parasites), whereas the remaining the Drop Cave, there is a short east-west passage in
bats were taken as museum voucher specimens. which Amerindian petroglyphs can be viewed—these
Pedersen et al.—Bats of Barbuda, Northern Lesser Antilles 3
Figure 1. Map of Barbuda indicating various cave roosts and netting
localities.
Figure 2. Indian Cave (after Morton et al. 1994).
4 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University
Figure 3. Escarpment facing Two Feet Bay (looking south). Photo: J. Cindric.
petroglyphs being the only ones found on either Antigua of a large fig tree penetrate the limestone ceiling and
or Barbuda. Additional chambers were searched for drop to the bottom of the cave in a tangle several
the presence of bats without result. meters across. In 2007, a medium-sized group of
Brachyphylla, estimated at 300 to 400 animals, was
Darby Cave lies 5.5 kilometers ENE of Codring- observed in this cave.
ton Village (Figs. 1, 4) and was sketched and briefly
described by Hummelinck (1979). This cave is a col¬ Deer Cave is another sinkhole with a single 1
lapsed sinkhole 20 m high and 100 m in diameter with m wide entrance hole in its ceiling which drops into
vertical sides, one of which is undercut by some 10 m, a 5 m high chamber (Figs. 1, 5). There were several
hence the term “cave”, and is full of lush vegetation, passages in this cave all with low ceilings and some
lianas, and tall trees including palmetto palm. Ferns and slight movement of air. Several hundred Natalus were
birds were abundant in the sinkhole in direct contrast observed in this cave in 2007, either clustered in a loose
to the surrounding scrub habitat. Stalactites descend grouping or hanging individually.
from the cliff overhang and one very large flat-topped
stalagmite measured 2.5 m high, 1 m in diameter and New Cave has been described as a large cavern
was tinged greenish white. A fossilized shark tooth system with numerous entrances and side tunnels
fragment (Carcharodon megalodon; Pliocene) was extending 30-40 m in several directions away from
excavated from the northern end of this cave in May the central chamber (Figs. 1, 6). Large numbers of M.
1997 (Flemming and McFarlane 1998). Darby Cave plethodon, N. leporinus,B. cavernarum, mdA.jamai-
was not visited in 2003, however Artibeus was observed censis were either captured or observed in this cave in
at this cave in both 1994 and 2007. 1994. Although this cave was described as being very
near to Dark Cave by Morton and Lindsay in 1994,
Back on Praying Land Cave is a large sinkhole neither the 2003 nor the 2007 teams could locate this
14 m deep and 46 m in diameter (Fig. 1). The roots particular cavern.
Pedersen et al.—Bats of Barbuda, Northern Lesser Antilles 5
Figure 4. Darby Cave. Photo: J. Cindric.
Figure 5. Mr. Kenric Joseph standing over the entrance of Deer Cave. Photo: J. Cindric.
6 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University
Dark Cave is a very large cavern that lies north¬
east of Bryant Cave (Figs. 1, 7). Hummelinck (1979)
described in considerable detail the interior of Dark
Cave and Cindric, Boling, and Joseph surveyed this
cavern in great detail in February 2007 (Cindric 2007;
Fig. 7). Dark Cave consists primarily of an elongate,
180 m long tube with several smaller side chambers,
some of which exhibit 12 to 15 m high domed ceilings
that were occupied by hundreds of large quietly roost¬
Figure 7. Dark Cave (after Cindric 2007).
ing bats, quite probably Artibeus. Three pools of fresh
water are located along the west wall of this cavern and
each teemed with a wide variety of invertebrates during collapsed sinkhole with vertical sides composed of
the 2003 and 2007 surveys. The 2007 survey calculated fractured rock and fissures that presumably offer
that these pools are located nearly 25 m underground roosting opportunities for bats. The stagnant pool of
and are very close to sea level. This source of fresh water in this sinkhole may also provide a critical water
water may be important for the large populations of bats supply for those bats and birds that inhabit the walls
in the cave and may have served as a water source for of this feature. Natalus stramineus was hand-captured
Amerindians, given that their artifacts have been found at this locality in 1994 but no bats were noted during
nearby this cave. Large numbers of M. plethodon, N. the 2003 visit.
stramineus, B. cavernarum, and A. jamaicensis were
either captured or observed in 2003 and 2007. Of note, Given the geology of the island, there would ap¬
bats were not present in this cave in 1994, suggesting pear to be an abundance of potential roosting sites for
that the bats move among the numerous caves on this either frugivorous or insectivorous bats on Barbuda.
island. The karst plateau of The Highlands is riddled with sink¬
holes and fissures that have been largely unexplored.
Bryant Cave lies approximately 3.25 km SSE of For example, there are some deep fissures northeast
Darby Cave (Fig. 1) and is reported to communicate of Highland House at the north end of the island that
with Dark Cave immediately to the northeast, although were observed by one of the authors (Lindsay) to be
we did not explore this claim. Bryant Cave is a large full of unidentified bats. Rock formations stretch along
Pedersen et al.—Bats of Barbuda, Northern Lesser Antilles 7
several kilometers of the eastern coast of Barbuda from Bluff near Castle Bay in 2003. Overview Cave is
Two Feet Bay in the north down to Pelican Bay in the located about 2.5 km from the east coast in the north¬
south. These formations include hundreds of rock west face of the Highlands escarpment (Watters et al.
shelters, erosion cavities, fissures, and additional sink¬ 1984). The entrance of the cave is approximately 1.7
holes. Numerous T. brasiliensis were either observed m high and 4 m wide. The chamber penetrates about 7
or extracted from crevices along this formation during m into the escarpment and light reaches most parts of
our surveys and several N. leporinus were extracted the cave. Pregill et al. (1994) presented a photograph
from dilution pockets in a limestone cliff at Pigeon of this cave.
Species Accounts
Noctilio leporinus mastivus (Vahl 1797) under a solution pocket in a limestone block/escarpment
called Pigeon Bluff at Castle Bay. At this point, the
Specimens examined (11).—Overview Cave,
cliff formed an overhang that was at least 6 m deep and
3.5 km NE of Codrington, 1 (NMNH); Pigeon Bluff,
permitted the research team full access to the solution
17°36'52.7"N, 61044'9.2"W, 3 m, 10 (TTU).
pocket in which the greater bulldog bats were located.
This vertical cavity was about 3 m above the floor of
Specimens captured/released (8).—Indian Cave,
the overhang, 0.5 m in diameter, and at least 2 m deep.
17°40'04"N, 61o46'10"W, 1; Pigeon Bluff, 7.
Although the overhang area was well illuminated, the
bats at the top of the solution pocket could not be seen
Additional records.—No specific locality (Husson
without the aid of a flashlight. This colony consisted
1960:154); Indian Cave (2007 photograph-Cindric).
of 10 males and seven females. One male and one fe¬
male were juveniles, six of the females were lactating,
Husson (1960) first reported the greater bulldog
and four of the males were scrotal. Lactating females
bat from Barbuda based on four individuals collected
and their young were intermixed with scrotal males
at an unspecified locality by Hummelinck in July
indicating an absence of sexual or age partitioning in
1955. Length of forearm and cranial measurements
this colony. Average length of testes of five adult males
of five male and five female specimens from Barbuda
was 7.6 (5-11). Five adult males weighed an average of
are given in Table 1. Males averaged significantly
61.0 (55.4-69.9), whereas five adult females averaged
larger than females in all measurements taken. For five
51.2(49.3-53.0).
measurements, the significance level was P < 0.001.
For mastoid breath the significance level was P < 0.01,
The specimen that was captured by hand in the
and for length of forearm and length of maxillary
Overview Cave roost on 17 January 1983 was an adult
toothrow the significance level was P < 0.05. In fact,
male (length of forearm, 86.1) with enlarged testes.
in only the latter two measurements do the ranges of
Noctilio leporinus were observed in Indian Cave in both
the measurements of the sexes overlap. Davis (1973)
1994 and 2003, and a non-reproductive adult male was
assigned circum-Caribbean specimens to the subspe¬
caught by hand there on 10 February 1994 (length of
cies N. /. mastivus, which was originally described
forearm, 87.3; weight, 66.2). During the 2007 survey,
from St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands. Measurements
nine fishing bats were photographed in a domed por¬
of the specimens from Barbuda are within the range of
tion of Indian Cave. Fishing bats were observed in
those given by Davis (1973) for a sample of 21 females
2003 flying among sea grape trees along the base of a
from the West Indies; therefore, we have followed this
rock face at Gun Shop Cliff, possibly hawking insects.
arrangement here.
The animals flew close to the ground (<1 m) and deftly
avoided several mist nets that were set in the area.
Seventeen N. leporinus were collected as a group
on 2 June 2003 using a modified cargo net suspended
8 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University
Table 1.—Length of forearm and seven cranial measurements (in mm) for seven species of bats occurring on the West Indian island
of Barbuda.
Greatest Length of Breadth
Statistics, catalog Length of length Condylobasal Zygomatic Postorbital Mastoid maxillary across upper
numbers, and sex forearm of skull length breadth constriction breadth toothrow molars
Noctilio leporinus mastivus
Males
N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Mean 88.1 28.8 25.5 19.9 7.2 18.6 10.6 12.7
Range (86.5-90.9) (27.7-29.7) (25.2-26.1) (19.7-20.3) (7.2-7.3) (17.6-20.1) (10.5-10.7) (12.4-12.9)
±SE ±0.76 ±0.42 ±0.17 ±0.10 ±0.02 ±0.46 ±0.04 ±0.08
Females
N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Mean 85.0 26.6 24.2 18.7 6.9 17.0 10.4 12.2
Range (82.6-86.6) (26.4-27.0) (24.1-24.2) (18.6-18.9) (6.8-7.0) (16.7-17.2) (10.2-10.5) (12.0-12.3)
±SE ±0.66 ±0.11 ±0.02 ±0.06 ±0.03 ±0.10 ±0.06 ±0.05
Monophyllus plethodon luciae
Males
N 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Mean 42.4 23.4 21.7 10.4 4.7 10.2 8.1 5.7
Range (41.5-42.7) (23.0-24.0) (21.3-22.3) (10.3-10.6) (4.6-4.8) (10.0-10.4) (7.9-8.4) (55-5.8)
±SE ±0.29 ±0.20 ±.20 ±0.06 ±0.04 ±0.07 ±0.09 ±0.05
Females
N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Mean 42.5 23.2 21.4 9.8 4.7 9.7 7.9 5.4
Range (41.6-44.0) (22.7-24.2) (20.9-22.2) (9.6-10.2) (4.5-4.9) (9.5-10.2) (7.7-8.0) (53-5.6)
±SE ±0.40 ±0.28 ±0.24 ±0.11 ±0.06 ±0.15 ±0.05 ±0.05
Brachyphylla cavernarum cavernarum
Males
N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Mean 65.4 32.1 28.9 17.2 6.2 14.9 11.3 11.9
Range (63.7-67.6) (31.6-32.3) (27.7-29.3) (16.7-17.6) (5.9-6.4) (14.5-15.5) (11.0-11.5) (11.8-12.0)
±SE ±0.65 ±0.13 ±0.31 ±0.18 ±0.09 ±0.17 ±0.08 ±0.04
Females
N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Mean 66.9 32.0 28.4 17.1 6.4 14.6 11.1 11.5
Range (63.7-69.6) (31.0-32.7) (27.7-29.0) (16.6-17.6) (6.2-6.6) (14.2-15.0) (10.6-11.5) (11.2-11.9)
±SE ±1.06 ±0.33 ±0.23 ±0.20 ±0.08 ±0.13 ±0.15 ±0.12
Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis
Male
TTU 101758 59.9 28.1 24.8 16.8 7.0 14.8 9.7 12.4
Females
N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Mean 60.7 28.4 24.9 16.8 7.3 14.8 9.8 12.6
Range (59.5-61.9) (28.0-28.7) (24.2-25.3) (16.5-17.1) (7.1-7.5) (14.3-15.1) (9.6-10.1) (12.3-12.9)
±SE ±0.39 ±0.11 ±0.19 ±0.12 ±0.09 ±0.14 ±0.09 ±0.14
Pedersen et al.—Bats of Barbuda, Northern Lesser Antilles 9
Table 1 (cont.).
Greatest Length of Breadth
Statistics, catalog Length of length Condylobasal Zygomatic Postorbital Mastoid maxillary across upper
numbers, and sex forearm of skull length breadth constriction breadth toothrow molars
Natalus stramineus stramineus
Males
N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Mean 40.8 17.1 15.6 8.6 3.1 7.7 7.4 5.7
Range (40.0-41.6) (16.9-17.2) (15.4-15.8) (8.5-8.7) (3.1) (7.5-8.0) (7.4-7.5) (5.6-57)
±SE ±0.31 ±0.07 ±0.07 ±0.03 ±0.00 ±0.10 ±0.02 ±0.02
Females
N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Mean 40.7 16.9 15.6 8.4 3.1 7.7 7.3 5.5
Range (39.7-41.5) (16.7-17.5) (15.5-16.0) (8.2-8.7) (3.0-3.2) (7.4-7.8) (7.3-7.4) (5.4-57)
±SE ±0.32 ±0.14 ±0.10 ±0.09 ±0.03 ±0.09 ±0.02 ±0.05
Molossus molossus molossus
Males
AMNH 213935 37.9 16.7 14.7 10.4 3.4 9.7 5.8 7.2
TTU 101778 38.7 16.5 14.8 10.1 3.4 9.7 5.5 7.1
Females
N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Mean 37.4 16.0 14.2 9.9 3.2 9.2 5.5 6.8
Range (36.1-38.8) (15.8-16.2) (13.9-14.5) (9.8-10.2) (3.2-3.3) (9.0-9.4) (5.1-5.7) (6.4-7.1)
±SE ±0.48 ±0.07 ±0.10 ±0.09 ±0.02 ±0.07 ±0.11 ±0.16
Tadarida brasiliensis antiUularum
Males
N 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Mean 38.8 16.0 14.8 9.2 3.6 8.8 5.6 6.4
Range (37.8-40.7) (15.3-16.4) (14.1-15.2) (8.4-9.6) (3.5-3.7) (8.5-9.1) (5.3-5.7) (5.6-67)
±SE ±0.36 ±0.13 ±0.16 ±0.18 ±0.0.3 ±0.08 ±0.06 ±0.17
Females
TTU 101779 38.4 16.0 14.8 9.1 3.6 8.9 5.7 6.3
TTU 101781 36.7 15.1 14.1 9.4 3.5 8.9 5.4 6.6
Monophyllus plethodon luciae Miller 1902 The previous report of this species on Barbuda
was based on a single female obtained by Hummelinck
Specimens examined(17).—Codrington, 3 blocks
and deposited in Rijksmuseum van Natuurliijke His¬
north of airport, 3 (NMNH); Dark Cave, 17037'26.1"N,
toric in Leiden. Forearm and cranial measurements
61°45'12.rW, 24 m, 8 (TTU); Dominic, 4.3 km E
of a sample of five males and five females are given
Codrington, 17°38'26.6"N, 61°47'05.8"W, 14 m, 6
in Table 1. Males averaged larger than females in
(TTU).
all measurements except length of forearm in which
females were larger and the postorbital constriction
Specimens captured/released(11).—Dark Cave,
in which the means were the same. These differences
3; Dominic, 7; New Cave, 1.
were significant for three of the breadth measurements,
with the sexes differing at the P < 0.01 level for zygo¬
Additional record.—Dark Cave (Schwartz and
matic breadth and breadth across upper molars and at
Jones 1967).
the P < 0.05 level for mastoid breadth. When compared
10 Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University
with a sample of three males and two females from Brachyphylla cavernarum cavernarum Gray 1834
Guadeloupe (Baker et al. 1978) and three males from
Specimens examined (41).— Dominic, 4.3 km
Antigua (Pedersen et al. 2006), these measurements of
E Codrington, 17°38'26.6"N, 61°4705.8"W, 14 m, 16
bats from Barbuda show almost complete overlap, with
(TTU); Two Feet Bay, Gun Shop Cliff, 17°40'03"N,
the exception of the breadth across the upper molars,
61°46'00"W, 11 m, 4 (NMNH); no specific locality,
which was larger in the three specimens from Antigua.
21 (NMNH).
A single male from Nevis (Pedersen et al. 2003) and a
single female from Montserrat (Pedersen et al. 1996)
Specimens captured/released (33).—Dominic,
fall within the range of variation of measurements of
4.3 km E Codrington, 17°38'26.6"N, 61°47'05.8"W,
the sample from Barbuda for all measurements except
14 m, 21; Indian Cave, 17°40'04"N, 61°46T0"W, 8;
mastoid breadth, which was 0.2 and 0.3, respectively,
New Cave, 4.
smaller than the smallest individual of the correspond¬
ing sex from Barbuda. We follow Schwartz and Jones
Additional record.—Back on Praying Land
(1967) in placing all populations of this species from St.
Cave, 17°38'23"N, 61°46'01"W (2007 photograph
Lucia northward in the Lesser Antilles in the subspecies
- Cindric).
M. p. luciae, but we recognize that the variation repre¬
sented among samples in the northern Lesser Antilles
The Antillean fruit-eating bat has been reported
call for a re-evaluation of geographic variation in this
from Barbuda by previous authors, but it has never
species now that larger samples are available.
been associated with a specific locality (Miller 1913;
Anthony 1918; Swanepoel and Genoways 1978; Hall
According to Schwartz and Jones (1967), Hum-
1981). Table 1 presents the length of forearm and seven
melinck’s field notes for the female that he obtained
cranial measurements for a sample of five males and
indicate that “the bat was found dead near the entrance
five females from Barbuda. The only measurement in
of Dark Cave,” but no other bats were observed in the
which there was a significant difference between the
cave. No M. plethodon were identified in Dark Cave
sexes was breadth across the upper molars, with males
during the 1994 visit, but 11 non-reproductive and
being larger (P < 0.05). In general, males were larger
lactating females were collected there in 2003 with
in all other cranial measurements except postorbital
mist nets set across the main chamber. They were
constriction in which the females averaged broader.
seen hanging in small groups from the ceilings of side
Females also had longer forearms. The measurements
chambers. None of these bats were seen roosting near
of our sample from Barbuda match closely those sam¬
the freshwater pools. Two males and a female from
ples of the subspecies B. c. cavernarum presented by
Codrington were taken on 17 January 1983 under
Swanepoel and Genoways (1978); therefore, we assign
unknown circumstances. One of those males had en¬
the material from Barbuda to the nominate subspecies,
larged testes. A single non-reproductive female was
which has a type locality of St. Vincent.
caught in New Cave in 1994 (weight, 13.4; forearm,
40.7). Thirteen M. plethodon were captured along a
As on many islands in the northern Lesser An¬
road leading into the orchard at Dominic in 2003. A
tilles, B. cavernarum is an obligate cave dweller and
single 2 m by 2 m mist net filled the space between
occupies large cave systems. Entire colonies may move
the acacia trees growing along both sides of the road
among several caves on an island on a seasonal basis
at this point. The acacias and other dry thorny vegeta¬
or may split into separate male and female colonies
tion were relatively low in this area, not exceeding 4
when pups and juveniles are present (Pedersen et al.
m in height, but the road did form a distinct flyway for
1996, 2003). In February 1994, 22 B. cavernarum
the bats. Captures on 2 and 3 June 2003 included six
were collected by hand and with mist-nets in Indian,
males and 18 females, six of which were lactating and
Dark, and New caves, but only females were taken
12 which were non-reproductive. The average weight
in Dark Cave. Of the 22 individuals, 10 were males
of six adult males was 15.6 (15.2-17.2), with testes
and 12 were females, including three juvenile males
lengths averaging 3.2 (3.0-4.0). The mean weight for
and one juvenile female. Average weight and forearm
15 of the 18 females was 15.1 (12.5-18.4).
length of three of the adult males was 43.8 (40.3-47.2)