Basic TV Technology, Fourth Edition: Digital and Analog (Media Manuals)

205 Pages·2005·2.61 MB·English

by  Robert L Hartwig

Basic TV Technology:
Digital and Analog
Fourth Edition
Series editor:Peter Ward
16MM FILM CUTTING LIGHTING FOR VIDEO,
John Burder Third Edition
Gerald Millerson
AUDIO FOR SINGLE CAMERA
OPERATION MAKE-UP, HAIR AND COSTUME
Tony Grant FOR FILM AND TELEVISION
Jan Musgrove
BASIC BETACAM CAMERAWORK,
Third Edition NONLINEAR EDITING,
Peter Ward Second Edition
Patrick Morris
BASIC STUDIO DIRECTING
Rod Fairweather RESEARCH FOR MEDIA
PRODUCTION, Second Edition
BASIC TV TECHNOLOGY, Fourth Edition
Kathy Chater
Robert L.Hartwig
SINGLE-CAMERA VIDEO
THE CONTINUITY SUPERVISOR, PRODUCTION,
Fourth Edition Fourth Edition
Avril Rowlands Robert B.Musburger
CREATING SPECIAL EFFECTS STUDIO AND OUTSIDE
FOR TV AND VIDEO, Third Edition BROADCAST CAMERAWORK
Bernard Wilkie Second Edition
DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERAWORK Peter Ward
Peter Ward TV TECHNICAL OPERATIONS
EFFECTIVE TV PRODUCTION, Peter Ward
Third Edition VIDEO CAMERA TECHNIQUES,
Gerald Millerson Second Edition
GRAMMAR OF THE EDIT Gerald Millerson
Roy Thompson THE VIDEO STUDIO,
GRAMMAR OF THE SHOT Third Edition
Roy Thompson Alan Bermingham
INTRODUCTION TO SNG AND ENG VISUAL EFFECTS FOR FILM AND
MICROWAVE TELEVISION
Jonathan Higgins Mitch Mitchell
Basic TV
Technology:
Digital and
Analog
Fourth Edition
Robert L. Hartwig
AMSTERDAM (cid:127) BOSTON (cid:127) HEIDELBERG (cid:127) LONDON (cid:127) NEW YORK (cid:127) OXFORD
PARIS (cid:127) SAN DIEGO (cid:127) SAN FRANCISCO (cid:127) SINGAPORE (cid:127) SYDNEY (cid:127) TOKYO
Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK
Copyright ©2005, Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights
Department in Oxford, UK:phone:((cid:1)44) 1865 843830, fax:((cid:1)44) 1865 853333,
e-mail:[email protected] may also complete your request online
via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support”
and then “Obtaining Permissions.”
Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints
its books on acid-free paper whenever possible.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Hartwig, Robert L.
Basic TV technology :digital and analog / Robert L.Hartwig.—4th ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-240-80717-0
1.Television–Handbooks, manuals, etc.I.Title.
TK6642.H37 2005
621.388—dc22
2005040004
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN:0-240-80717-0
For information on all Focal Press publications
visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
Contents
INTRODUCTION xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii
THE ATOM AND ELECTRICITY 2
The Parts of the Atom
The Flow of Electrons through Metals
BASIC CIRCUITS 4
Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current (AC)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT (1) 6
Voltage
Current
Power
Resistance
Mathematical Symbols and Formulas
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT (2) 8
Frequency
AC Frequency
Impedance
FIELDS (INDUCTION) AND NOISE 10
Fields (Induction)
Noise
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
ABBREVIATIONS 12
Kilo
Mega
Giga
Milli
Micro
Nano
CATHODE RAY TUBES (CRTS) 14
Interlace Scanning
Progressive Scanning
NEED FOR INTERLACE SCANNING 16
BLANKING 18
Horizontal Blanking
Vertical Blanking
WAVEFORM DISPLAY 20
v
CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICES 22
CCD Layout and Operation
Broadcast-Quality Requirements
AN INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL (1) 24
What Is Digital?
What Computers Do
AN INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL (2) 26
Bits and Bytes—Binary Numbering System
ANALOG AND DIGITAL 28
A to D Conversion
Sampling and Quantizing
D to A Conversion
COLOR SYSTEMS 30
Color versus Black and White
Additive and Subtractive Colors
Complementary Colors
HOW THE EYE SEES LIGHT (1) 32
Color Temperature
HOW THE EYE SEES LIGHT (2) 34
Filters
Black Balance
White Balance
DIGITAL ENCODING RATIOS 36
From Black and White to Color
Digital Responses to This Situation
CODECS 38
COMPOSITE ENCODING 40
Home Video Cameras
COLOR CRTS 42
Convergence
PLASMA DISPLAY SCREEN 44
How It Works
LCD SCREENS 46
ANALOG SYNC GENERATORS 48
ANALOG SYNC GENERATOR SIGNALS (1) 50
Drive Pulses
Blanking Pulses
Sync Pulses
Color Burst
ANALOG SYNC GENERATOR SIGNALS (2) 52
Combining Sync with Video
vi
VECTORSCOPES 54
Reading the Vectorscope
Color Bar Display
PAL 56
ANALOG SYNC FLOW DIAGRAMS 58
Distribution Amplifiers
CAMERA FLOW DIAGRAMS 60
COMBINING SYNC AND CAMERA
FLOW DIAGRAMS 62
Out-of-Phase Cameras
VIDEO SWITCHERS 64
Vertical Interval Switchers
Component Switchers
Digital Switchers
Special Effects
SWITCHER APPLICATIONS 66
Production and Editing Switchers
On-Air Switchers
Routing Switchers
PRODUCTION SWITCHER FLOW DIAGRAM 68
Switcher Buses
Switcher Outputs
SWITCHER TRANSITIONS AND SPECIAL EFFECTS 70
Wipes
SPECIAL EFFECTS KEYS—LUMINANCE KEYS 72
Linear or Transparent Keys
SPECIAL EFFECTS KEYS—CHROMA KEYS 74
COMPOSITE VERSUS COMPONENT VIDEO 76
Problems of Composite Video
Component Video
Y/C
COLOR DIFFERENCE COMPONENT VIDEO 78
DIGITAL SPECIAL EFFECTS 80
Compressions
Pushes
Flips
Rotations
Other Special Effects
DIGITAL INTERPOLATION 82
Manipulation
Interpolation
vii
ANALOG VIDEOTAPE RECORDING TECHNOLOGY 84
Recorders
Videotape
Recording Heads
ANALOG VIDEO RECORDING STANDARDS AND FORMATS 86
Audio versus Video Recording
Helical Video Recording
OTHER TRACKS AND LOCKUP (1) 88
Sound and Control Tracks
VTR Lockup
Capstan Lock
OTHER TRACKS AND LOCKUP (2) 90
Vertical Lock (Capstan Servo)
Frame Lock
Horizontal Lock
TIME BASE ERROR 92
EXTERNAL CAUSES OF TIME BASE ERROR 94
Gyroscopic Time Base Error
TIME BASE ERROR CORRECTION 96
TIME BASE CORRECTORS (1) 98
What a Time Base Corrector Does
How a TBC Works
Horizontal Sync as a Clock
TIME BASE CORRECTORS (2) 100
D to A Conversion
Video Proc Amp
Window of Correction
LARGER ANALOG SYNC PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 102
Nonsynchronous Sources
Frame Synchronizer
OTHER ADVANTAGES OF TBCS AND FRAME
SYNCHRONIZERS 104
Dynamic Tracking Heads
Freeze Frames
TBCs, VTRs, and Production
DIGITAL VIDEOTAPE RECORDERS 106
DV Video
DIGITAL VIDEO SERVERS 108
Problems of Videotape
Video Servers
DISC-BASED RECORDERS 110
viii
EDITING ANALOG VIDEOTAPE 112
Physical Cutting and Splicing
Electronic Editing
THE EDITING PROCESS (1) 114
THE EDITING PROCESS (2) 116
TYPES OF EDITS 118
Assemble Edits
Insert Edits
EDITING METHODS—MANUAL 120
Manual Editing
EDITING METHODS—CONTROL TRACK COUNTERS 122
SMPTE TIME CODE EDITING 124
OFF-LINE AND ON-LINE EDITING 126
Off-Line Editing
On-Line Editing
EDITING BY COMPUTER 128
Drop Frame/Non-Drop Frame Editing
PROBLEMS OF TRADITIONAL EDITING 130
NONLINEAR EDITING 132
VIDEO COMPRESSION 134
SPATIAL COMPRESSION 136
Entropy Reduction
Entropy Encoding
TEMPORAL COMPRESSION 138
MPEG COMPRESSION STANDARD 140
COMPUTER GRAPHICS FOR VIDEO 142
Originating Computer Graphics
Interface between People and Machines
CHARACTER GENERATORS 144
CREATING IMAGERY AND EFFECTS 146
Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI)
Digital Video Effects
THE DIGITAL STUDIO 148
OPEN ARCHITECTURE EQUIPMENT VERSUS
DEDICATED EQUIPMENT 150
DRAWBACKS OF OPEN ARCHITECTURE EQUIPMENT 152
HIGH-DEFINITION TV 154
Production HDTV Standards versus Broadcast
HDTV Standards
ATSC HIGH-DEFINITION BROADCAST STANDARD 156
STANDARD DEFINITION DIGITAL TELEVISION (SDTV) 158
ix