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Basic Radio: Understanding the Key Building Blocks PDF

256 Pages·2006·32.67 MB·English
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e key b i i 398780 1605 Joel Hallas, WIZR Michelle Bloom, WBlENT Sue Fagan Jodi Morin, KAlJPA David Pingree, NINAS Copyright © 2005 by The American Radio Relay League, Inc. Copyright secured under the Pan-American Convention International Copyright secured This work is Publication No.313 ofthe Radio Amateur's Library, published bythe ARRL. All rights reserved. No part ofthis work may be reproduced inany form except bywritten permission of the publisher. All rights of translation are reserved. Printed inthe USA Quedan reservados todos los derechos 1st Edition 1st Printing ISBN: 0-87259-955-8 Radio is all around us. We can't escape it. The radio spec trum follows us wherever we go, whether we useit or not. But wedouseit:We listen totheradioinourcar,useourcellphones and counton the radio in Fido's collar to keep him in our yard. Radio isoneofthemany applications ofelectronics. Others that come to mind are computers, entertainment systems, other telecommunications systems, control systems, security systems, manufacturing systems, automotive systems, game players and almost everything we touch or use in the twenty-first century. But radio was one of the first developments of electronic prin ciples, because of its importance to public safety. This bookwill exploreradio-whatit does andhow it does it. Basic Radio will take you beyond the elementary electronic concepts presented in a book such as ARRL's Understanding Basic Electronics or asimilarcourse of study inelectronicprin ciples to amore completeunderstanding of how radio works its magic. David Sumner, KIZZ Executive Vice President Newington, Connecticut September 2005 Chapter 1 Communicating Without Wires Chapter 2 The Simplest Receiver-The Crystal Set Chapter 3 Enhancing the Simplest Receiver Chapter 4 Oscillators-the Beating Hearts of Modem Radios Chapter 5 Frequency Synthesizers Chapter 6 Mixing it Up With a Mixer Chapter 7 Filtering Out What YouDon't Want Chapter 8 Active and Digital Filtering Chapter 9 Heterodyne Receivers-Putting the Pieces Together Chapter 10 The Modem Superheterodyne Chapter 11 Superheterodyne Receivers-Making them Sing Chapter 12 Transmitters-the Other Side of the Equation Chapter 13 Transmitting Voice Chapter 14 Power Amplifiers, a Step Up Chapter 15 Propagation-Getting YourSignal Where YouWant It Chapter 16 Transmitting Antennas Chapter 17 Receiving Signals, the Other Side of the Coin Chapter 18 Using EZNEC to Model Real Antennas Chapter 19 Line-of-Sight Communications Systems Chapter 20 Communications Systems-Going the Extra Mile Chapter 21 Ground-Wave And Ionospheric Communications Chapter 22 Communications Regulation and Services Chapter 23 Radiolocation Systems Chapter 24 Radionavigation Systems Chapter 25 Where is Technology TakingUs Next? Appendix Radio Construction Projects Glossary Index The national association for Am.ateur Radio TheseedforAmateurRadiowasplanted inthe 1890s,whenGuglielmo Marconi beganhisexperiments inwirelesstelegraphy.Soonhewasjoinedbydozens,thenhundreds,ofotherswhowereenthusiasticabout sending andreceiving messages through the air-some with acommercialinterest, but others solely out ofalove forthisnew communications medium. TheUnited States governmentbegan licensing Amateur Radio operators in 1912. By 1914, there were thousands of Amateur Radio operators-hams-in the United States. Hiram Percy Maxim, aleadingHartford, Connecticutinventorand industrialist, saw the need for anorgani zation to band together this fledgling group of radio experimenters. In May 1914 he founded the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) to meet that need. Today ARRL, with approximately 170,000members, is the largest organization of radio amateurs in the United States. The ARRL is a not-for-profit organization that: promotes interest in Amateur Radio communications and experimentation 1II • represents US radio amateurs in legislative matters, and ..maintains fraternalism and ahigh standard of conduct among Amateur Radio operators. At ARRL headquarters in the Hartford suburb of Newington, the staff helps serve the needs of members. ARRL is also International Secretariatfor the International Amateur Radio Union, which is made up of similar societies in 150 countries around the world. ARRL publishes the monthlyjournal QST, as well as newsletters and many publications covering all aspects ofAmateurRadio. Its headquarters station,WIAW, transmits bulletinsofinteresttoradio amateurs and Morse code practice sessions. The ARRL also coordinates an extensivefield organiza tion, which includesvolunteerswhoprovidetechnicalinformationandothersupportservicesforradio amateurs as well as communications for public-service activities. In addition, ARRL represents US amateurswiththeFederalCommunicationsCommissionandothergovernmentagenciesintheUSand abroad. MembershipinARRLmeansmuch more than receiving QSTeachmonth. Inadditiontothe services alreadydescribed,ARRLoffers membershipservicesonapersonallevel,suchastheARRLVolunteer Examiner Coordinator Program and a QSL bureau. Full ARRL membership (available only to licensed radio amateurs) gives you a voice in how the affairs of the organization are governed. ARRL policy is set by aBoardof Directors (one from each of 15Divisions). Each year, one-third of the ARRLBoardof Directors stands for electionby thefull members they represent. The day-to-day operation of ARRL HQ is managed by an Executive Vice President and his staff. Nomatterwhat aspectofAmateurRadio attractsyou, ARRL membershipisrelevantandimportant. TherewouldbenoAmateurRadio asweknow ittoday were itnot for the ARRL. We wouldbehappy towelcomeyou asamember! (AnAmateurRadio licenseisnot requiredfor AssociateMembership.) For more informationaboutARRLand answers toanyquestionsyou may have aboutAmateurRadio, write or call: ARRL-The national association for Amateur Radio 225 Main Street Newington CT 06111-1494 Voice: 860-594-0200 Fax: 860-594-0259 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.arrl.org/ Prospective new amateurs call (toll-free): 800-32-NEW HAM (800-326-3942) You can also contact us via e-mail at [email protected] or check out ARRLWeb at http://www.arrl.org/ YlJ ommunica Without WireJ' (Wef{ fm ·tlll) Chuck Hutchinson, K8CH,works on the Vagiantennas on his tower. Contents Where Did Radio Come From? 1-2 What isThis Radio Thing All About? 1-5 So How Do the Signals GetThere? 1-7 Antennas-The Long and Short of It 1-9 Review Questions 1-10 Radio was onthe logical Fig 1-1. While semaphore communi evolutionary path behind a number cation can be quite efficient, it suffers of other systems designed to carry from some limitations. Itcan only be information over distances. Before used in daylight, anyone within sight there were electrical communica could read the mail and a signalman tions systems, there were anumber standing up on ahigh spot sohis of communications systems that flags could be seen atadistance was were visually based. Anyone who aneasy target. Perhaps that's why has ever watched an American that kind of signalman is hard to find Western movie has likely seen these days! (A) Native Americans communicating The mechanically driven sema through the use of smoke signals, phore, a device with mechanical arms only one of anumber of visual activated by levers from an office communications systems. Parallel below, and situated on amountaintop developments going back perhaps tower was the basis for acommunica even longer included the use of tions network spanning much of signal fires, as well as asophisti Europe during the Napoleonic era, a cated system of drum-based long time before radio. These towers, communications that could send positionedso each one could see the messages across the African next, allowed amessage to be relayed continent. from station to station. While the data rate may have been slower than we're Semaphore used to, the messages traveled atthe The insigniaofthe US Army speed oflight! A variant of such a (8) Signal Corps, with which your system, with electrically driven arms, author once served, consists of two was used as arailroad signaling crossed signal flags. These signal, system for many years and may still or semaphore flags, could be used be in use in some areas. to signal overrelatively large line Electrical Communications of-sight distances by the transmit ting signalman holding the two the Telegraph flags at particularangular positions The telegraph, perhaps the first in around the body, each position along line of electrically operated indicating aletter ofthe alphabetor communications systems had its anumeral. The space around the genesis in the invention of the body was divided into eight electromagnetin 1825.A number of positions with the first seven letters people operated an electromagnet corresponding to left-hand flag from aremote location to perform down, with the right-hand flag rudimentary signaling, however, (C) progressing from part way up Samuel F.B. Morse is generally UBR1-0101 around the circle. The next seven credited with developing the first with the left-hand flag part way up complete system. This struggling Fig t-t-s-Hand semaphore on the right, etc. artist and NYU Art Professormade a positions for the letters A, Band C. In an interestingbridge to later mid-life career change that changed day technology, rather than having not only his life, but thelives of telegraph used a clever electrome separate codes for numerals, the everyone who followed as well. chanical arrangement to cause a pen code used the letters A through Ito His telegraph, first publicly to move across moving paper tape mean the numerals 1through 9,if demonstrated in 1838, was a major when the sending key was closed. precededby a special NUMERALS milestone and perhaps the first This is the origin of the terms mark signal, in amanner similar to the system that could be called a tele and space, the gap between marks, much later Baudotteletype code. communications system, although still in currentuse in data communi The positions of the flags for the that term came into vogue many cations. Later versions used other letters A, BandCare shown in years later. The original Morse marking mechanisms and eventually, 1-2 Chapter 1 based on their being sent on different competing companies at each end of frequencies. Today we would call long-distance lines than of technol this afrequency division multiplexer, ogy. The automatic (forerunner of but atthat time itled Bell to the the dial) exchange was invented in thought that instead of carrying 1889 by Almon B. Strowger, a telegraph signals his apparatus might Kansas City undertaker, who was be used to carry the different sounds upset after finding that the local of human speech. human telephone exchange operator Bell succeededin his experiments was steering business to a competi and in 1875 was able to file for a tor. Fig 1-2-Earlywire-line telegraph key and sounder.This was well patentfor his invention, surprisingly Next Step-Radio used in USrailroad telegraph justhours ahead of anotherinventor. service in the 1800s. (Thanks to Bell's early telephones were offered While the telegraph was being Dan Henderson, NtND,for the loan as rental units, apractice that rolled out across the US frontier and ofthis familyheirloom.) continued until the US antitrust much ofthe rest ofthe world, a especially in the US, operators settlementknown as the modified Scottish physicist and mathemati learned to more efficiently decode by finaljudgmentof1984. Renters of cian' James Clerk Maxwell, was ear, allowing a significant increase in his apparatus would independently formulating the mathematical basis speed and thus throughput. contractto have wires installed of electromagnetic theory. In 1861 he In 1844, a government-sponsored between the end points to provide a published his work predicting the demonstration system was put in kind of intercom service. Within a waves that would travel from awire place betweenWashington, DC, and few years after Bell invented his carrying a changing current, laying Baltimore, Maryland. Following a telephone, switchboards were the groundworkfor what we call successful demonstration to members devised to let auser communicate radio. Maxwell's equations allow the of Congress the inventor and his with other users, and in 1878 the first prediction of allthe resulting fields partners extendedthe line to Phila telephone exchange was established involved in the generations of such delphia and New YorkCity and in New Haven, Connecticut. This waves. offered commercial service. In 1851, made the telephone aviable facilita It remainedfor another scientist, the telegraph began use as arailroad tor of commerce and communica the German HeinrichHertz in 1886, dispatch system, a telegraph key and tions. Long-distance service started to actually demonstrate the existence sounderfrom the late 1800s is shown quickly thereafter and for the next of radio waves. His experimentwas a in Fig 1-2. Tenyears later the few decades, the history of the validation ofMaxwell's work, not an Western Union Telegraph Company telephone was more a story of legal attemptto establish a new communi built a transcontinental telegraph and regulatory battles between cations medium. system effectively making the two year old Pony Express service obsolete overnight. Interestingly, the first transatlantic telegraph cable was installed some years earlierbut burned out after only 30 days due to the fact that the users didn't fully understand the limitations of the then-current technology. The Telephone the Next Step Alexander Graham Bell had been working on aharmonic tele graph, a system that would allow multiple telegraph channels to be Fig 1-3-Marconishore radiotelegraph station at South Wellfleet, Cape Cod, sent simultaneously over Massachusetts in 1901.The towers were 200 feet tall and made of wood.They did not a single pair of wires, survive Atlantic storms for long. (Photo courtesyofMarconi Corporation, Pt.c.) Communicating Without Wires 1=3 Developmentofradio into a code then used by landline operators. the operators for each. Shipboard commercial communications system, By that time, wire-line telegraph radio operators wore the uniform of including a corporate structure that was well establishedfor communica the Marconi Company. Their still bears his name, was left to tions on land, andby underseacable exploits at saving lives, often atrisk Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian. across bodies of water.The missing of their own, made them heroes of Although Nikola Telsais actually link was communication with ships the day. credited with the invention of radio, at sea, which were atthe mercy of Since the time of Marconi's radio Marconi clearly developed radio into the elements without any way to call operators, radio has grown in all a significantbusiness enterprise. He for help. Marconi sought tofill that dimensions and has become a major is said tohave sent his first signals in need through the provisioning of part of our lives incountless ways. 1895, communicated across the what today would be called a turnkey Wewill explore these developments English Channel in 1899and across service. His company supplied the from both a technological and the Atlantic three years later. His shore stations (see Fig 1-3), the historical perspective as we progress system used avariant ofthe Morse shipboard stations (see Fig 1-4), and through these chapters. Fig 1-4-Marconi shipboard radiotelegraph station from 1900. (Photo courtesy of Marconi Corporation, PLC.) 1-4 Chapter 1

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