Basic Radar Analysis

727 Pages·2016·42.37 MB·English

by  Budge M.C. Jr.

Basic Radar Analysis

For a complete listing of titles in the Artech House Radar Series, turn to the back of this book.
Basic Radar Analysis
Mervin C. Budge, Jr.
Shawn R. German
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A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover design by John Gomes
ISBN 13: 978-1-60807-878-3
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Radar Basics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Radar Types
1.3 Range Measurement
1.4 Ambiguous Range
1.5 Usable Range and Instrumented Range
1.6 Range-Rate Measurement (Doppler)
1.7 Decibels
1.8 dB Arithmetic
1.9 Complex Signal Notation
1.10 Radar Block Diagram
1.11 Exercises
References
Chapter 2 Radar Range Equation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Radar Range Equation
2.2.1 Derivation of E
S
2.2.2 Derivation of E
N
2.3 A Power Approach to SNR
2.4 Example 1
2.5 Detection Range
2.6 Search Radar Range Equation
2.7 Example 2
2.8 Radar Range Equation Summary
2.9 Exercises
References
Appendix 2A: Derivation of Search Solid Angle Equation
Chapter 3 Radar Cross Section
3.1 Introduction
3.2 RCS of Simple Shapes
3.3 Swerling RCS Models
3.3.1 Swerling Statistics
3.3.2 Swerling Fluctuation Models
3.3.3 Math Behind the Fluctuation Model
3.4 Relation of Swerling Models to Actual Targets
3.4.1 Simulating Swerling Targets
3.5 Frequency Agility and SW2 or SW4 Targets
3.5.1 Special Cases
3.6 Exercises
References
Chapter 4 Noise
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Noise in Resistive Networks
4.2.1 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit of a Noisy Resistor
4.2.2 Multiple Noisy Resistors
4.3 Equivalent/Effective Noise Temperature for Active Devices
4.4 Noise Figure
4.4.1 Derivation of Noise Figure
4.4.2 Attenuators
4.5 Noise Figure of Cascaded Devices
4.6 An Interesting Example
4.7 Output Noise Power When the Source Temperature Is Not T
0
4.8 A Note About Cascaded Devices and the Radar Range Equation
4.9 Exercises
References
Chapter 5 Radar Losses
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Transmit Losses
5.3 Antenna Losses
5.4 Propagation Losses
5.5 Receive Antenna and RF Losses
5.6 Processor and Detection Losses
5.7 Exercises
References
Appendix 5A: Waveguide Attenuation
5A.1 Exercises
Appendix 5B: Atmospheric and Rain Attenuation
5B.1 Function tropatten.m
5B.1.1 Compute International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
Standard Atmosphere 1964
5B.1.2 Absorption Coefficient for Oxygen
5B.1.3 Absorption Coefficient for Water Vapor
5B.2 Function troprefract.m
5B.3 Function troploss.m
5B.4 Function rainAttn2way.m
Chapter 6 Detection Theory
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Noise in Receivers
6.2.1 IF Configuration
6.2.2 Baseband Configuration
6.3 Signal in Receivers
6.3.1 Introduction and Background
6.3.2 Signal Model for SW0/SW5 Targets
6.3.3 Signal Model for SW1/SW2 Targets
6.3.4 Signal Model for SW3/SW4 Targets
6.4 Signal-Plus-Noise in Receivers
6.4.1 General Formulation
6.4.2 Signal-Plus-Noise Model for SW1/SW2 Targets
6.4.3 Signal-Plus-Noise Model for SW0/SW5 Targets
6.4.4 Signal-Plus-Noise Model for SW3/SW4 Targets
6.5 Detection Probability
6.5.1 Introduction
6.5.2 Amplitude Detector Types
6.5.3 Detection Logic
6.5.4 Calculation of P and P
d fa
6.5.5 Behavior Versus Target Type
6.6 Determination of False Alarm Probability
6.6.1 Example 1—Computing P
fa
6.6.2 Example 2—Detection Contour
6.7 Summary
6.8 Exercises
References
Chapter 7 Matched Filter
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Problem Definition
7.3 Problem Solution
7.4 Matched Filter Examples
7.4.1 General Formulation
7.4.2 Response for an Unmodulated Pulse
7.4.3 Response for an LFM Pulse
7.5 Summary
7.6 Exercises
References
Chapter 8 Detection Probability Improvement Techniques
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Coherent Integration
8.2.1 SNR Analysis
8.2.2 Detection Analysis
8.3 Noncoherent Integration
8.3.1 Example 1
8.3.2 Example 2
8.4 Cumulative Detection Probability
8.4.1 Example 3
8.5 m-of-n Detection
8.6 Exercises
References
Appendix 8A: Noise Autocorrelation at the Output of a Matched Filter
Appendix 8B: Probability of Detecting SW1 and SW3 Targets on m Closely
Spaced Pulses
Appendix 8C: Cumulative Detection Probability
Chapter 9 Ambiguity Function
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Ambiguity Function Development
9.3 Example 1—Unmodulated Pulse
9.4 Example 2—LFM Pulse
9.5 Numerical Techniques
9.6 Ambiguity Function Generation Using the FFT
9.7 Exercises
References
Chapter 10 Waveform Coding
10.1 Introduction
10.2 FM Waveforms
10.2.1 LFM with Amplitude Weighting
10.2.2 Nonlinear FM (NLFM)
10.3 Phase Coded Pulses
10.3.1 Frank Polyphase Coding
10.3.2 Barker Coded Waveforms
10.3.3 PRN Coded Pulses
10.4 Step Frequency Waveforms
10.4.1 Doppler Effects
10.5 Closing Comments
10.6 Exercises
References
Appendix 10A: LFM and the sinc2(x) Function
Chapter 11 Stretch Processing
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Stretch Processor Configuration
11.3 Stretch Processor Operation
11.4 Stretch Processor SNR
11.4.1 Matched Filter
11.4.2 Stretch Processor
11.5 Stretch Processor Implementation