Basic Physiology

452 Pages·1981·16.802 MB·English

by  Dr. Paul D. Sturkie (auth.), Dr. Paul D. Sturkie (eds.)

Basic
Physiology
Edited by P. D. Sturkie
With Contributions by
T. M. Casey, H. M. Frankel,
P. Griminger, R. L. Hazelwood,
C. H. Page, P. D. Sturkie,
E. J. Zambraski
With 286 Figures
Springer-Verlag
N ew York Heidelberg Berlin
Dr. PAUL D. STURKIE, Emeritus Professor of Physiology,
Department of Physiology, Rutgers University, New Bruns
wick, N.J. 08903, U.S.A.
Ubrary of Conaress CataJoain& In PubIicadon Data
Basic physiology.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Human physiology. 2. Vertebrates-Physiology.
I. Sturkie, Paul D. [DNLM: 1. Physiology. QT
4 B311]
QP34.5.B36 612 80-27740
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form
without written permission from Springer-Verlag.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks,
etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identi
fied, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by
the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be
used freely by anyone.
© 1981 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8083-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8081-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-8081-8
Preface
Basic Physiology is an introduction to vertebrate physiology,
stressing human physiology at the organ level, and includ
ing requisite anatomy integrated with function. One chapter
deals solely with topographic anatomy in atlas form and
microscopic anatomy of the principal tissues of the body.
Additional chapters cover cellular and general physiology;
nervous system, muscle; blood and tissue fluids, heart and
circulation; respiration, digestion and absorption; intermedi
ary metabolism; energy metabolism; temperature regulation;
nutrition; kidney; endocrinology, including hypophysis, re
production; thyroids, parathyroids, adrenals and pancreas.
All concepts are emphasized and well illustrated, and con
troversial material is omitted. It is written at a level suited to
undergraduate students who have had introductory courses
in biology, chemistry, and mathematics, and to more ad
vanced students who wish to review the basic concepts of
physiology.
This volume should be especially useful as a text for de
partments of biology, zoology, nursing, health, and agricul
tural sciences that offer courses in vertebrate and human
physiology.
Basic Physiology is written by seven subject matter special
ists who have considerable experience in teaching their
specialty to undergraduates studying physiology and biology.
Paul D. Sturkie
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Tissues, Organs, and Skeletal
Organization ....................................... 1
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 2 General and Cellular Physiology ............. 21
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 3 Organization of the Nervous System ....... 35
C. H. PAGE
Chapter 4 Neuronal Activity................................ 52
C. H. PAGE
Chapter 5 Sensory Reception and Somatesthesia..... 71
C. H. PAGE
Chapter 6 Special Sensory Systems....................... 84
C. H. PAGE
Chapter 7 Spinal Reflexes .................................... 111
C. H. PAGE
Chapter 8 Central Motor Control, Cerebellum and
Basal Ganglia ...................................... 121
C. H. PAGE
Chapter 9 Higher Functions of Cerebral Cortex ....... 134
C. H. PAGE
Chapter 10 Neural Control of Visceral Activity ......... 148
C. H. PAGE
Chapter 11 Muscle ............................................... 161
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 12 Body Fluids, Capillaries, and Lymphatics 169
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 13 Blood ................................................. 178
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 14 Circulation .......................................... I90
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 15 The Heart as a Pump ............................ 211
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 16 Electrocardiography ............................. 223
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 17 Respiration ......................................... 233
H. M. FRANKEL
viii Table of Contents
Chapter 18 Energy Metabolism .............................. 258
T. M. CASEY
Chapter 19 Temperature Regulation ........................ 271
T. M. CASEY
Chapter 20 Movements of Gastrointestinal Tract ....... 293
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 21 Secretion, Digestion, Absorption ............ 307
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 22 Intermediary Metabolism ....................... 319
R. L. HAZELWOOD
Chapter 23 Nutrition ............................................ 340
P. GRIMINGER
Chapter 24 Kidney ............................................... 351
E. J. ZAMBRASKI
Chapter 25 Endocrinology: Functions of Hypophysis
and Hypothalamus ............................. .375
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 26 Reproduction ...................................... 388
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 27 Thyroid Hormones .............................. .407
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 28 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium
Metabolism ........................................4 14
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 29 Adrenal Hormones .............................. .419
P. D. STURKIE
Chapter 30 Pancreatic Hormones ........................... .427
P. D. STURKIE
Index .................................................................. 435
List of Contributors
T. M. CASEY Department of Physiology, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey 08903, U.S.A.
H. M. FRANKEL Department of Physiology, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey 08903, U.S.A.
P. GRIMINGER Department of Nutrition, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey 08903, U.S.A.
R. L. HAZEL WOOD Department of Biology, University
of Houston, Central Campus, Hous
ton, Texas 77004, U.S.A.
C. H. PAGE Department of Physiology, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey 08903, U.S.A.
P. D. STURKIE Department of Physiology, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey 08903, U.S.A.
E. J. ZAMBRASKI Department of Physiology, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey 08903, U.S.A.
Chapter 1 Tissues, Organs, and
Skeletal Organization
Tenninology ................ . 1 Nervous Tissue .......... 10
Tissues ....................... . 2 Anatomy...................... 12
Epithelial Tissues ...... . 4 Skeletal System.......... 13
Glands and Muscular System........ 16
Membranes ........... . 4 Circulatory Systems... 18
Connective Tissues .... . 6 Selected Readings.......... 20
Classification ......... . 6 Review Questions.......... 20
Cartilage .................. . 8
Bone ....................... . 9
Muscle .................... . 9
The body is made up of systems that comprise organs, tis
sues, and cells. These systems, which carry out all of the
body's functions include the: 1) skeletal, 2) muscular, 3)
nervous, 4) circulatory, 5) digestive, 6) respiratory, 7) uro
genital (including reproductive and excretory systems), and
8) endocrine.
The unit of structure and function of systems, organs, and
tissues is the cell, discussed in Chapter 2.
Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organ or system,
both gross and microscopic. Gross or systematic anatomy is
concerned with the appearance and characteristics of a sys
tem or organ as seen with the naked eye. Microscopic anat
omy (histology and cytology) deals with structure at the
level of tissues and cells, respectively.
This chapter will deal briefly with the histology of the princi
pal tissues and organs systems of the body, and with gross
and topographic anatomy. Further anatomic details will be
considered and integrated with the physiology under the ap
propriate chapters and headings.
Terminology
The terms used to describe location and position of bodily
parts are listed in Table 1.1 and Fig. 1.1
Planes or sections ofthe body and tisues are depicted in Fig.
1.2 and include: 1) sagittal, medial, or longitudinal; 2) trans
verse, cross, or horizontal; and 3) frontal or coronal.
The most commonly used histologic specimens are those
that are cut in cross and longitudinal sections.
2 Tissues, Organs, and Skeletal Organization
Cranial Fig. 1.1. Terms designating location
Superior and position in man and quadruped.
- - Frontal Plane
Dorsal
Superior Cranial
Anterior
Dorsal Ventral Caudal
Posterior Anterior Posterior
Ventral
Inferior
Caudal
Inferior
Table 1.1. Terms of location and position of body parts in man and
quadruped
Man Quadruped
Superior or cranial Anterior or cranial
Anterior or ventral Inferior or ventral
Posterior or dorsal Superior or dorsal
Medial-near middle or median; nose is medial to eyes
Lateral-to the side (farther); eyes are lateral to nose
Proximal-nearest to; proximal joint of toe is nearest to foot
Distal-farther from; toenail is distal to foot
Peripheral-extension from central; spinal nerves are peripheral
to the brain
Visceral-organs within a cavity; intestinal organs
• The commoner term is shown in italics.
Tissues
Organs and systems of the body are composed of one or
more tissues with characteristic structures. They include: 1)
epithelium, 2) skin, 3) membranes, 4) muscle, 5) nerve, 6)
Tissues 3
Fig. 1.2. The planes of the body.
Coronal plane
or frontal
Median plane
or sagittal
Transverse plane
connective tissue, 7) elastic tissue, 8) cartilage, and 9) bone.
These tissues are derived embryologically from three germ
layers, including: 1) ectoderm, 2) entoderm, and 3) meso
derm. Certain organs and tissues are derived from these
Fig. 1.3. Derivatives of the three em
germ layers as shown in Fig. 1.3.
bryonic germ layers.
~
Outer epithelium of body Lens of eyes, audi Nervous system
I tory vesicle, inner ear, I
and optic vesicle
Hair, skin, teeth, enamel, Neural tube,
oral and anal epithelium, nerves, spinal
and sweat and mammary cord, ganglia,
glands and brain
~~ode~ (Mesoderm )
Epithelium of: \+ Supporting tissue for organs
I
II .
Digestive tube, liver, pancreas, urinary B one, cartl'1 age, musc e, connective and
bladder, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, elastic tissue, and endothelium of blood
lungs, thyroids, parathyroids, and vessels
thymus