Basic medical endocrinology

344 Pages·2009·12.115 MB·English

by  H Maurice Goodman

Basic Medical Endocrinology
Fourth Edition
ii
Companion Web Site:
http://books.elsevier.com/companions/9780123739759
Basic Medical Endocrinology, Fourth Edition
by H. Maurice Goodman
Resources for Professors:
• All figures from the book available as PowerPoint slides
• Links to web sites carefully chosen to supplement the content of the textbook
T O O L S ALL TEACHING NE EDS
FOR YOUR
textbooks.elsevier.com
ACADEMIC
PRESS
To adopt this book for course use, visit http://textbooks.elsevier.com.
Basic Medical
Endocrinology
Fourth Edition
H. Maurice Goodman
Department of Physiology
University of Massachusetts Medical School
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Cover Credits:
Background: FIGURE 3-2 Histology of the human thyroid. Simple cuboidal cells
(arrows) make up the follicles. C _ thyroid colloid (thyroglobulin), which fi lls the follicles.
(From Borysenko, M. and Beringer, T. (1979) Functional Histology, 312. Little, Brown,
Boston by permission of Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.)
Black/green: FIGURE 7-11 Confocal fl uorescent microscope images of cultured mouse
adipocytes that were transfected with a GLUT4-enhanced green fl uorescent protein fusion
construct and then incubated in the absence (A) or presence (B) of insulin for 30 min.
Insulin stimulation results in the translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular storage sites to
the plasma membrane. (From Watson, R.T., Kanzaki, M., and Pessin, J. (2004) Regulated
membrane traffi cking of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 in adipocytes. Endocr. Revs.
25: 177–204, by permission of Th e Endocrine Society.)
Blue fi gure: FIGURE 10-14 Low-power photomicrograph of a portion of the thyroid gland
of a normal dog. Parafollicular (C) cells are indicated in the walls of the follicles. (From Ham,
A.W. and Cormack, D. H. (1979) Histology, 8th Edition, 802, by permission of Lippincott,
Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.)
Red, white and blue: FIGURE 11-3 Schematic representation of the tibial epiphyseal growth
plate. (Modifi ed from Nilsson, O., Marino, R., De Luca, F., Phillip, M., and Baron, J. (2005)
Endocrine regulation of the growth plate. Hormone Research 64: 157–165 by permission of
S. Karger AG, Basel.)
Pink, yellow, white: FIGURE 12-1 Histological section of human testis. Th e transected
tubules show various stages of spermatogenesis. (From di Fiore, M.S.H. (1981) Atlas of Human
Histology, 5th Edition, 209. Lea & Febiger, by permission of Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins,
Philadelphia.)
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA
84 Th eobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK
Copyright © 2009, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights
(cid:2) (cid:2)
Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) 1865 843830, fax: ( 44) 1865 853333, E-mail:
[email protected]. You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier
homepage (h ttp://elsevier.com ), by selecting “ Support & Contact” then “ Copyright and
Permission ” and then “ Obtaining Permissions. ”
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Application Submitted
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-0-12-373975-9
For information on all Academic Press publications
visit our Web site at www.elsevierdirect.com
Printed in China
09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Th is volume is dedicated to my children’s children:
Dylan, Adam, Rebecca, and Joshua
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
List of Figures xiii CHAPTER 2 PITUITARY GLAND 29
Preface to the Fourth Edition xxvii
Preface to the First Edition xxix
Morphology 29
Preface to the Second Edition xxxi Physiology of the Anterior
Preface to the Third Edition xxxiii Pituitary Gland 31
G LYCOPROTEIN HORMONES 31
G ROWTH HORMONE AND
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
PROLACTIN 33
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN FAMILY 33
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTERIOR
Biosynthesis of Hormones 4
PITUITARY GLAND 34
Storage and Secretion 8
REGULATION OF ANTERIOR
Hormones in Blood 8
PITUITARY FUNCTION 35
Hormone Degradation 10 H YPOPHYSIOTROPIC HORMONES 35
Mechanisms of Hormone Th yrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) 36
Action 10 Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone 37
SPECIFICITY 10 Control of GH Secretion 37
CHARACTERISTICS OF RECEPTORS 11 Corticotropin Releasing Hormone 37
HORMONAL ACTIONS MEDIATED Dopamine and control of Prolactin
BY INTRACELLULAR
Secretion 38
RECEPTORS 12
Secretion and Actions of
HORMONAL ACTIONS MEDIATED BY
Hypophysiotropic Hormones 38
SURFACE RECEPTORS 14 FEEDBACK CONTROL OF ANTERIOR
Th e G-protein Coupled Receptors 14 PITUITARY FUNCTION 38
Receptors that Signal through Physiology of the Posterior
Tyrosine Kinase 19 Pituitary 39
REGULATION OF HORMONE
REGULATION OF POSTERIOR
SECRETION 21
PITUITARY FUNCTION 40
Negative Feedback 21 Suggested Reading 41
Positive Feedback 23
Feed Forward 23
M EASUREMENT OF HORMONES 23 CHAPTER 3 THYROID GLAND 43
Immunoassays 23
Hormone Levels in Blood 26
Suggested Reading 26 Morphology 43
vviiii
Contents
Thyroid Hormones 44 Glucocorticoids and Responses to Injury 77
BIOSYNTHESIS 45 Adrenocortical Function During Stress 81
Iodine Trapping 45 Mechanism of Action of Glucocorticoids 82
Th yroglobulin Synthesis 45 Regulation of Glucocorticoid Secretion 82
Incorporation of Iodine 46 Adrenal Medulla 86
HORMONE STORAGE 46 BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE MEDULLARY
SECRETION 46 CATECHOLAMINES 86
Control of Thyroid Function 48 STORAGE, RELEASE, AND METABOLISM
EFFECTS OF THYROID-STIMULATING OF MEDULLARY HORMONES 87
HORMONE 48 PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF MEDULLARY
EFFECTS OF THE THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONES 88
IMMUNOGLOBULINS 49 R EGULATION OF ADRENAL MEDULLARY
AUTOREGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE FUNCTION 89
SYNTHESIS 49 Suggested Reading 89
Thyroid Hormones in Blood 49
Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones 50
Physiological Eff ects of Thyroid C HAPTER 5 PRINCIPLES OF HORMONAL
Hormones 52 INTEGRATION 91
GROWTH AND MATURATION 52
Skeletal System 52
Central Nervous System 52 Integration of Hormonal Signals at the
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 52 Cellular and Molecular Level 91
C ARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 53 AUGMENTATION, ANTAGONISM,
M ETABOLISM 53 AND SYNERGY 91
Oxidative Metabolism and Th ermogenesis 53 PERMISSIVENESS 93
C arbohydrate Metaboliism 55 MAINTAINING SIGNAL FIDELITY 93
Lipid Metabolism 55 Modulation of Responding Systems 93
N itrogen Metabolism 56 SENSITIVITY AND CAPACITY 94
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone SPARE RECEPTORS 96
Secretion 56 Hormonal Integration at the
Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone Whole Animal Level 97
Action 57 REDUNDANCY 97
REINFORCEMENT 98
Suggested Reading 59
PUSH–PULL MECHANISMS 99
CHAPTER 4 ADRENAL GLANDS 61
CHAPTER 6 HORMONES OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 101
Morphology 61
Adrenal Cortex 62
Functional Anatomy of the GI Tract 101
A DRENOCORTICAL HORMONES 62
Overview of Digestion and Absorption 104
Control of Adrenocortical Hormone Synthesis 66
Hormones of the Gastrointestinal Tract 104
Adrenal Steroid Hormones in Blood 69
Postsecretory Metabolism of Adrenal Cortical THE GASTRIN/CHOLECYSTOKININ FAMILY 105
Hormones 69 Physiological Actions of Gastrin 106
Physiology of the Mineralocorticoids 71 Regulation of Gastrin Secretion 108
Eff ects of Aldosterone on the Kidney 71 Cholecystokinin (CCK) 109
THE SECRETIN/GLUCAGON SUPERFAMILY 112
Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion 74
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GLUCOCORTICOIDS 75 Secretin 114
Eff ects on Energy Metabolism 75 GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide/
Eff ects on Water Balance 76 Gastric Inhibitory Peptide) 116
Eff ects on Lung Development 76 Glucagon-like Peptides 1 and 2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2) 118
viii
Contents
Th e Pancreatic Polypeptide Family 121 F UEL CONSUMPTION 153
N eurotensin 122 Th e Glucose Fatty Acid Cycle 153
Th e Motilin/Ghrelin Family 122 AMP Activated Kinase (AMPK) 154
Concluding Comments 124 Overall Regulation of Blood Glucose
Suggested Reading 127 Concentration 155
S hort-term Regulation 156
Long-term Regulation 156
CHAPTER 7 THE PANCREATIC ISLETS 129 Integrated Actions of Metabolic
Hormones 157
ADIPOSE ISSUE 157
Morphology of the Endocrine Pancreas 129 M USCLE 159
Glucagon 130 LIVER 159
BIOSYNTHESIS, SECRETION, AND PANCREATIC ISLETS 159
METABOLISM 130 Regulation of Metabolism During
P HYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF GLUCAGON 130 Feeding and Fasting 160
Glucose Production 131 POSTPRANDIAL PERIOD 160
Glycogenolysis 131 P OSTABSORPTIVE PERIOD 162
G luconeogenesis 132 F ASTING 162
Lipogenesis and Ketogenesis 133 Hormonal Interactions During Exercise 163
U reogenesis 133 S HORT-TERM MAXIMAL EFFORT 163
R EGULATION OF GLUCAGON SECRETION 134 S USTAINED AEROBIC EXERCISE 163
Insulin 134 Long-term Regulation of Fuel Storage 164
BIOSYNTHESIS, SECRETION, ADIPOGENESIS 165
AND METABOLISM 134 H YPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF APPETITE AND
P HYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF INSULIN 135 FOOD INTAKE 166
Eff ects of Insulin Defi ciency 135 Peripheral Input to Hypothalamic
Eff ects on Adipose Tissue 137 Feeding and Satiety Neurons 168
Eff ects on Muscle 138 ADIPOSITY SIGNALS 168
Eff ects on Liver 140 Leptin 168
M ECHANISM OF INSULIN ACTION 143 Insulin as an Adiposity Signal 170
R EGULATION OF INSULIN SECRETION 144
Adipokines 171
Glucose 144 Satiety Signals 172
Other Circulating Metabolites 145 PERSPECTIVE 173
Hormonal and Neural Control 146 Suggested Reading 174
C ellular Events 146
Somatostatin 149
Suggested Reading 149 C HAPTER 9 REGULATION OF SALT
AND WATER BALANCE 175
CHAPTER 8 HORMONAL REGULATION
General Considerations 175
OF FUEL METABOLISM 151
Salt and Water Balance 176
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 178
General Features of Energy ANTIDIURETIC EFFECT 179
Metabolism 151 EFFECTS ON BLOOD PRESSURE 180
B ODY FUELS 151` R EGULATION OF ADH SECRETION 181
Glucose 151 P lasma Osmolality 181
Glycogen 152 Blood Volume 181
Protein 152 Dysfunctional States 182
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
Fat 152
Problems Inherent in the Use of Glucose and System 183
Fat as Metabolic Fuels 152 ACTIONS OF ANGIOTENSIN II 184
ix