2 EDITORIAL ADVISORS Deborah E. Bouchoux, Esq. Georgetown University Therese A. Cannon Higher Education Consultant Katherine A. Currier Chair, Department of Paralegal and Legal Studies Elms College Susan M. Sullivan Director, Graduate Career Programs University of San Diego Laurel A. Vietzen Professor Emeritus Elgin Community College 3 4 Copyright © 2016 CCH Incorporated. Published by Wolters Kluwer in New York. Wolters Kluwer Legal & Regulatory Solutions U.S. serves customers worldwide with CCH, Aspen Publishers, and Kluwer Law International products. (www.WKLegaledu.com) No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or utilized by any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. For information about permissions or to request permissions online, visit us at www.www.WKLegaledu.com, or a written request may be faxed to our permissions department at 212-771-0803. To contact Customer Service, e-mail [email protected], call 1-800-234-1660, fax 1-800-901-9075, or mail correspondence to: Wolters Kluwer Attn: Order Department PO Box 990 Frederick, MD 21705 eISBN 978-1-4548-6143-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Samborn, Hope Viner, author. Basic legal writing for paralegals / Hope Viner Samborn, Andrea B. Yelin.—Fifth edition. pages cm. — (Aspen college series) Includes index. ISBN 978-1-4548-5223-0 ISBN 1-4548-5223-2 1. Legal composition. 2. Legal assistants—United States. I. Yelin, Andrea B., author. II. Title. KF250.S236 2016 808.06′634—dc23 2015036205 5 About Wolters Kluwer Legal & Regulatory Solutions U.S. Wolters Kluwer Legal & Regulatory Solutions U.S. delivers expert content and solutions in the areas of law, corporate compliance, health compliance, reimbursement, and legal education. Its practical solutions help customers successfully navigate the demands of a changing environment to drive their daily activities, enhance decision quality and inspire confident outcomes. Serving customers worldwide, its legal and regulatory solutions portfolio includes products under the Aspen Publishers, CCH Incorporated, Kluwer Law International, ftwilliam.com and MediRegs names. They are regarded as exceptional and trusted resources for general legal and practice-specific knowledge, compliance and risk management, dynamic workflow solutions, and expert commentary. 6 FOR EVE, SARAH, BENJAMIN, AND RANDY WITH ALL OF MY LOVE —HVS FOR DAVID, RACHEL, AND HENRY – WHO BRING SO MUCH JOY! AND IN MEMORY OF MY DAD, SEYMOUR BANCHIK, WHO WAS ONE IN A BILLION —Andrea B. Yelin 7 Contents List of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments CHAPTERS 1 Introduction to Legal Research 2 Legal Authorities and How to Use Them 3 Getting Ready to Write 4 Clear Writing and Editing 5 Writing Basics 6 Case Briefing and Analysis 7 The Legal Memorandum 8 Questions Presented and Conclusions or Brief Answers 9 Facts 10 The IRAC Method 11 Synthesizing Cases and Authorities 12 Outlining and Organizing a Memorandum 13 Persuasive Writing 14 In-House and Objective Client Documents 15 Letter Writing Appendix A Citation Appendix B Writing Strategies 8 Index 9 List of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL RESEARCH CHAPTER OVERVIEW A. INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL RESEARCH AND WRITING 1. The Role of the Paralegal in Legal Research and Writing Why Do Paralegals Perform Research? What Tasks Do Paralegals Handle in the Research and Writing Process? B. INTRODUCTION TO THE U.S. LEGAL SYSTEM 1. The Organization of the Legal System How Did the Federal and State Systems Originate? 2. Components of the Federal System and Governing Law a. The Legislative Branch How Is a Law Created? b. The Executive Branch c. The Judicial Branch Who Can Bring an Action in Federal Court? i. The Trial Courts ii. The Appellate Courts iii. The Supreme Court 3. Relationship Between Federal and State Governments Can a Federal Court Decide an Issue of State Law? What Effect Does a Federal Decision Have on State Law? 10