Basic Geological Mapping - School of Geology, Aristotle

235 Pages·2012·4.04 MB·English

Basic Geological Mapping
The Geological Field Guide Series
TheFieldDescriptionofMetamorphicRocks,NormanFry
TheMappingofGeologicalStructures,KenMcClay
FieldGeophysics,Fourthedition JohnMilsom
TheFieldDescriptionofIgneousRocks,SecondeditionDougalJerramandNick
Petford
SedimentaryRocksintheField,Fourthedition MauriceTucker
Basic Geological Mapping
FIFTHEDITION
Richard J. Lisle
SchoolofEarthandOceanSciences,CardiffUniversity
Peter J. Brabham
SchoolofEarthandOceanSciences,CardiffUniversity
and
John W. Barnes
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
Thiseditionfirstpublished20112011byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Lisle,RichardJ.
Basicgeologicalmapping.–5thed./RichardJ.Lisle,PeterJ.Brabham,andJohnW.Barnes.
p.cm.
Rev.ed.of:Basicgeologicalmapping/JohnW.Barnes,withRichardJ.Lisle.4thed.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-68634-8(pbk.)
1.Geologicalmapping.I.Brabham,Peter.II.Barnes,J.W.(JohnWykeham),1921-III.Barnes,J.W.
(JohnWykeham),1921-Basicgeologicalmapping.IV.Title.
QE36.B332011
550.22(cid:1)3–dc23
2011022844
ISBN:978-0-470-68634-8
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Thisbookispublishedinthefollowingelectronicformat:ePDF978-1-119-97402-4;
ePub978-1-119-97751-3;MOBI978-1-119-97752-0
Typesetin8.5/10.5ptTimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India.
FirstImpression2011
CONTENTS
PrefacetotheFourthEdition ix
PrefacetotheFifthEdition xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 OutlineandApproach 1
1.2 Safety 2
1.3 FieldBehaviour 4
1.4 AFewWordsofComfort 5
2 FieldEquipment 6
2.1 HammersandChisels 6
2.2 CompassesandClinometers 8
2.3 HandLenses 13
2.4 Tapes 14
2.5 MapCases 14
2.6 FieldNotebooks 15
2.7 Scales 16
2.8 Protractors 16
2.9 Pencils,ErasersandMappingPens 17
2.10 AcidBottles 18
2.11 GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)andMobilePhones 19
2.12 OtherInstruments 23
2.13 FieldClothing 26
3 TopographicBaseMaps 27
3.1 TypesofGeologicalMap 27
3.2 TopographicBaseMaps 29
3.3 GeographicCoordinatesandMetricGrids 30
3.4 GridMagneticAngle 33
3.5 PositionFindingonMaps 34
3.6 UseofAirPhotographyasaMappingTool 43
3.7 SuitabilityofImagesforGeologicalMapping 48
4 MethodsofGeologicalMapping 50
4.1 StrategyfortheMappingProgramme 50
4.2 MappingbyFollowingContacts 51
v
CONTENTS
4.3 Traversing 52
4.4 ExposureMapping 55
4.5 MappinginPoorlyExposedRegions 57
4.6 SuperficialDeposits 62
4.7 Drilling 66
4.8 GeophysicalAidstoMapping 67
4.9 Large-ScaleMapsofLimitedAreas 71
4.10 UndergroundMapping 74
4.11 Photogeology 76
5 TechnologicalAidstoMapping 80
5.1 DigitalTerrainModels 80
5.2 TopographicSurveyingTechniques 86
6 FieldMeasurementsandTechniques 95
6.1 MeasuringStrikeandDipofPlanarStructures 95
6.2 PlottingStrikeandDip 101
6.3 RecordingStrikeandDip 101
6.4 MeasuringLinearFeatures 102
6.5 Folds 105
6.6 Faults 110
6.7 Thrusts 112
6.8 Joints 112
6.9 Unconformities 114
6.10 MapSymbols 114
6.11 SpecimenCollecting 116
6.12 FieldPhotography 118
6.13 Panning 124
7 MappableRockUnitsandLithology 126
7.1 LithostratigraphyandSedimentaryRocks 126
7.2 SedimentaryFormations 127
7.3 RockDescriptions 128
7.4 IdentifyingandNamingRocksin
theField 129
7.5 Fossils 133
7.6 PhaneriticIgneousRocks 134
7.7 AphaniticIgneousRocks 135
7.8 VeinsandPegmatites 135
7.9 IgneousRocksinGeneral 136
vi
CONTENTS
7.10 PyroclasticRocks 138
7.11 MetamorphicRocks 138
7.12 EconomicGeology 140
8 FieldMapsandFieldNotebooks 146
8.1 FieldMaps 146
8.2 FieldNotebooks 154
9 FairCopyMapsandOtherIllustrations 162
9.1 FairCopyMaps 162
9.2 TransferringTopography 163
9.3 TransferringGeology 163
9.4 LetteringandSymbols 164
9.5 FormationLetters 165
9.6 Layout 165
9.7 Colouring 167
9.8 StratigraphicColumn 167
9.9 Overlays 168
9.10 ComputerDraftingoftheFairCopyMap 169
10 Cross-Sectionsand3DIllustrations 171
10.1 Cross-Sections 171
10.2 MethodofApparentDips 175
10.3 Down-PlungeProjectionMethod 177
10.4 BalancedCross-Sections 179
10.5 ColumnarSections 179
10.6 BlockDiagrams 180
10.7 Models 183
11 GeologicalReports 185
11.1 Preparation 186
11.2 RevisingandEditing 186
11.3 Layout 186
11.4 The‘Introduction’ 188
11.5 MainBodyoftheReport 188
11.6 The‘Conclusions’Section 191
11.7 TextIllustrations 191
11.8 References 192
11.9 Appendices 193
11.10 SomeFinalThoughts 193
vii
CONTENTS
AppendixA: AdjustmentofaClosedCompassTraverse 195
AppendixB: FieldEquipmentChecklist 197
AppendixC: IndicatorsofStratigraphicalWay-Up 202
AppendixD: UsefulChartandTables 203
References 205
Index 209
viii