Table Of Content

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR ENGLISH GRAMMAR Second Edition Librsry of Congrcecl Cataloging-ln-Public Data Azar, Betty Scrampfer, 1941- Basic English grammar I Betty Schrampfer Azar. -- 2nd ed. D. cm. 1ncludes indexes. ISBN 0-13-368317-6 ISBN 0-13-368424-5 (v. 1). --ISBN 0-13-368358-3 (v. 2) 1. English language--Textbooks for foreign speakers. 2. English language--Grammar--Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title. PE1128.A96 1995 428.2'4--dc20 92-2571 1 CIP Publisher: Tina B. Carver Director of Production and Manufacnuing: Aliza Gremblan Editorial Production/Design Manager: Domini& Mosco Editorial/Production Supervision: Janet Johnston Editorial Assistant: ShUey Hartle Production Coordinator: Ray Keating Cover Coordinator: Merle Krumper Cover Production: Molly Piks Riccardi Cover Design: Joel Mirnick Design Interior Design: Ros Hmon F~eese Illustrations: Don Martinetti 01996 by Betty Schrampfer Azar A Psarson Education Company pearson Bducation 10 Bank Stren White Plains, NY 10606 All rights re9e~e.d. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 15 ISBN 0-33-3b8337-b ISBN 0-33-3b8b29-5 (Val. A ) ISBN 0-33-3b8358-3 0) (Val. Contents PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ........................................................................................ ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................... x . 51 f Chapter 1 USING BEAND HAVE - . . NOUN + IS + NOUN: SINGULAR ..................................... ....:.. .U... ..f..l. ............................ 2 NOUN +ARE + NOUN: PLURAL ...........................................................................4. PRONOUN + BE + NOUN ...................................................................................6. .... ................................................................................... CONTRACTIONS WITH BE 7 ................................................................................................. NEGATIVE WITH BE 8 BE + ADJECTIVE ........................... ..... ...................................................................1..0.. . BE + A LOCATION ................................................ ..........................................1...6 ................................................. SUMMARY: SENTENCE PATTERNS WITH BE 20 YESNO QUESTIONS WITH BE ............................ . .........................................2..1.. ............................................................... QUESTIONS WITH BE: USING WHERE 24 ......................................................................................... USING HAVE AND HAS 26 ...................................................... USING MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, OUR, THEIR 27 ........................................................................................ USING THIS AND THAT 30 ................................................................................. USING THESE AND THOSE 31 ................................. ....... ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WHATAND WHO +BE 32 .I?' Chapter 2 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART I) '17'1 . L ................ FORM AND BASIC MEANING OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 44 USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS: ALWAYS. USUALLY. OFTEN. ......................................................... SOMETIMES. SEL.DOM. R.4REL.Y. N E W 46 ........................................................... USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS WITH BE 47 ......................................................... .. PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S: /Z/ AND /S/ 49 ................... . ............... SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -ES 5 1 .................................. ADDING FINAL -S/-ES TO WORDS THAT END IN -Y 1 ........................................ IRREGULAR SINGULAR VERBS: HAS, DOES, GOES 52 .................... SUMMARY: SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF -SAND -ES 54 THE SIMPLE PRESENT. NEGATIVE .................................................................. 57 CONTENTS //I 2-10 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: YESNO QUESTIONS. ................................................. 6 I 2-1 1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH WHERE. .......................................................................................................6..4 2-12 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH WHEN AND WHAT TIME .......................................................................6..6.. . ........................ 2-13 SUMMARY: INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH BE AND DO 67 2-14 USING lTTO TALK ABOUT TIME ...................................................................7..2. .. ....................................................................................... 2-1 5 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME 73 ..................................................... 2-16 USING ITTO TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER 74 Chapter 3 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART 2) ................ " . . + ........................................... BE JNG: THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE 84 SPELLING OF -ZNG .................. . .......................................................................8..7. ... . ....................................................... THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS 89 THE SIMPLE PRESENT vs . THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE .............................. 92 ............. NONACTION VERBS NOT USED IN THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 95 ............................................ SEE, LOOKAT, WATCH, HEAR, AND LISTEN TO 97 NEED AND WANT + A NOUN OR AN .........................................9..8. ............................ ............ .................................................................. WOULD LIKE 100 . ......................................................................................... WOULDLIKEvs LJKE 101 THINK ABOUT AND THINK THAT. ................................................................1..0. 2 + ........................................................................................................... THERE BE 106 + ......................................... ........................ THERE BE YESNO QUESTIONS i 107 THERE + BE ASKING QUESTIONS WITH HOWMANY ...............................1.0 9 PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION. ........................... ..... ........................................1...1 Chapter 4 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ...................................................................... NOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS 127 + .............................................................................................. ADJECTIVE NOUN 129 .......................................... SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS 131 ................................................................... NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL 134 .............................................................. NOUNS: IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS 139 ................................................................... NOUNS: COUNT AND NONCOUNT 141 USINGANvs .A ................................... ...............................................................1..4..3 . .......................................................................................... USING A/AN vs SOME 144 MEASUREMENTS WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS ............................................1..5.0 .............................................................................................................. USING THE 156 USING 0 (NO ARTICLE) TO MAKE GENERALIZATIONS ...........................1..6 0 ...................................................................................... USING SOME AND ANY 161 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: SOMETHING, SOMEONE, ......................................................................................... ANYTHING, ANYONE 163 .................................... INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: NOTHING AND NO ONE 164 Chapter 5 EXPRESSING PAST TIME ... v . USING BE: PAST TIME ........................ ... ....................................................... 171 PAST OF BE: NEGATIVE ..................................................................................... 172 PAST OF BE: QUESTIONS ..............................................................................1..7.3.. .. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: USING -ED ................. . ......................................1. 77 PAST TIME WORDS: YESTERDAY, LAST, AND AGO ................................. 178 PRONUNCIATION OF -ED: It/, Id/, AND ladl .....................................................1 80 SPELLING OF -ED VERBS ..................... .......................................................... 183 SPELLING OF -ED AND -ING: TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS ...............................1 86 THE SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS .................... ... ................................... 190 THE SIMPLE PAST: NEGATIVE ............ .. ........................................................1 92 THE SIMPLE PAST: YES/NO QUESTIONS ..................................................... 9 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS .................................................................................... 198 THE SIMPLE PAST: USING WHERE, WHEN, WHAT TIME, AND WHY ............................................................. ........ .......................................2.0..3.. QUESTIONS WITH WHAT ..................... .... ...............................................2..0..6. QUESTIONS WITH WHO .................................................................................2..0 9 ASKING ABOUT THE MEANING OF A WORD ...............................................2 12 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS ................ .. .........................................................2..1..3 BEFORE AND AFTER IN TIME CLAUSES ...................................................... 216 WHEN IN TIME CLAUSES ............................ ... ...........................................2.1..9. . .. . -8 Chapter 6 EXPRESSING FUTURE TlME FUTURE TIME: USING BE GOING TO. ................:... ... :.L ...L . ........................2.3. 1 WORDS USED FOR PAST TIME AND FUTURE TIME ..................................2..3. 5 USING A COUPLE OF OR A FEW WITH AGO (PAST) AND LV (EUTURE) ....................................................................................................... 238 + USING TODAY, TONIGHT, AND THIS MORNING, AFTERNOON, EVENING, WEEK, MONTH, YEAR .......................................2.3..9 FUTURE TIME: USING WILL. ............................................................................2. 42 ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WIU. ..................................................................2..4. 3 VERB SUMMARY: PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE ................................... ....2..4 5 ...................................................................... VERB SUMMARY: FORMS OF BE 246 USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO ............................... .. .................................2..5. 1 MAYIMIGHTvs . WILL ........................................................................................2.5..3 MAYBE (ONE WORD) vs . MAYBE (TWO WORDS) ..................................... ....2. 55 FUTURE TIME CLAUSES WITH BEFORE, AFTER, AND WHEN ................2. 58 ................................................................................................ CLAUSES WITH IF 260 EXPRESSING HABITUAL PRESENT WITH TIME CLAUSES AND IF-CLAUSES .....................................................................................................2..6.3.. .... .................................................................................... MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 266 ................... ... ....................................................... MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 270 CONTENTS V Chapter 7 EXPRESSING ABILITY ............................................................................................................... USING CAN 281 USING CAN: QUESTIONS ....................................................................................2. 82 ......................................................................................... USING KNOWHOW TO 284 ............................................................................. USING COULD: PAST OF CAN 285 + ............................................................. USING VERY AND TOO ADJECTIVE 287 USING TOO MANYA ND TOO MUCH + NOUN ............................................... 290 USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + INKNITIW ......................................................2..9. 3 + + + ..................... USING TOO ADJECTIVE FOR (SOMEONE) INFINITIVE 294 + ........................................................................... USING ADJECTIVE ENOUGH 295 + + ............................................. USING ENOUGH NOUN AND MORE NOUN 297 + ........................................................................... USING ENOUGH INFINITIVE 299 ............................................................................................... USING BERBLB TO 301 ........................................ POLITE QUESTIONS: MAYI. COULD I. AND CANI 302 ................................ POLITE QUESTIONS: COULD YOU AND WOULD YOU ,304 .................................................................................... IMPERATIVE SENTENCES 307 ................................................................................. USING TWO. TOO. AND TO 310 .................... MORE ABOUT PREPOSITIONS: AT AND IN FOR LOCATIONS 311 .................................................................................... MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 321 . Chapter 8 NOUNS ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS . , . . ... > ..I...........-.....1. ..... . MODIFYING NOUNS WITH ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS 325 .................................................................... WORD ORDER OF ADJECTIVES 329 .............. EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ALL OF. MOST OF. SOME OF 334 ............... EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 336 ................................. EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTJ3Y ONE OF. NONE OF 337 ................................................................................................... USING EVERY 341 ........................................................................................ POSSESSIVE NOUNS 343 .............................................. POSSESSIVE: IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS 345 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: MINE, YOURS. HIS. HERS, ........... ........... ....................................................................... OURS, THEIRS 347 ........................................................................... QUESTIONS WITH WHOS6 351 .................................................... SUMMARY: USES OF THE APOSTROPHE 352 ......................................................................... SUMMARY: USES OF NOUNS 355 + .................................. CONNECTED NOUNS: NOUN +AND/OR NOUN 357 ............................................................... SUMMARY: USES OF ADJECTIVES 360 ............................................................ SUMMARY.. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 363 ......................................................................................... INDIRECT OBJECTS 364 ................................................................. INDIRECT OBJECTS: USING FOR 367 ............................ . ........... INDIRECT OBJECTS W m B UY,G ET, MAKE 369 ...................... INDIRECT OBJECTS WITH EXFLAlN AND INTRODUCE 370 ............................................................................. MORE IRREGULAR VERBS 375 Chapter 9 MAKING COMPARISONS COMPARISONS: USING THE SAME (AS). SIMILAR (TO). .............................................................................. AND DIFFERENT (PROM) 379 ................................................. COMPARISONS: USING LIKE AND ALIKE 382 ........................ . ............ THE COMPARATIVE: USING -ER AND MORE 383 ... ................................................................... USING AS AS; USING LESS 389 ........................................................................................................ USING BUT 393 ........................................................................... USING VERBS AFTER BUT 395 .......................................... THE SUPERLATNE: USING -ESTAND MOST 398 + + ................................ USING ONE OF SUPERLATIVE PLURAL NOUN 405 .......................................................................... ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 411 .............................................. MAKING COMPARISONS WITH ADVERBS 414 ... ................................................................ USING AS AS WITH ADVERBS 416 Chapter 10 EXPRESSING IDEAS WITH VERBS ................................................................................................ USING SHOULD 420 .................................................................................................... USING LET'S 423 USING HAVE + INFINITIVE (HAS TOIHAVE TO).. ..................................... 424 ..................................................................................................... USING MUST 427 .................................................................................... MODAL AUXILIARIES 430 SUMMARY CHART: MODAL AUXILIARIES AND ................................................................................. SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS 431 ............. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE 434 USING WHILE WITH THE PAST PROGRESSIVE ...................................... 438 . ................................................ WHILE vs WHEN IN PAST TIME CLAUSES 438 . ......................................................... SIMPLE PAST vs PAST PROGRESSIVE 4 0 ....................................... USING HAVE BEEN (THE PRESENT PERFECT) 4 4 ................................................................................. USING SINCE-CLAUSES 446 ............................................................. FORM OF THE PRESENT PERFECT 448 ....................................... USING NEVBR WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT 449 ............................... PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES 450 .......................................... USING EVBR WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT 451 .................... THE PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS WITH HOW LONG 453 .......................... PAST PARTICIPLES OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS 455 .................................................................................. Appendix 1 THE ENGUSH ALPHABET AI .......................................................................................................... Appendix 2 NUMBERS ~2 Appendlx 3 DAYS OF THE WEEK AND MONTHS OF THE YEAR ...................................... A3 ........................................................................... Appendlx 4 WAYS OF SAYING ME TIME A4 ........................................................................................... Appendix 5 IRREGULAR VERBS AS INDEX ..............................................................................................................................I. NDEX 1 v// CONTENTS W This Page Intentionally Left Blank 1 Basic English Grammar remains a developmental skills text for students of English as a second or foreign language. Serving as both a reference and a workbook, it inaoduces students to the form, meaning, and usage of basic structures in English. It provides ample opportunities for practice through extensive and varied exercises leading to communicative activities. Although it focuses on grammar, it promotes the development of all language skills. This second edition has a greatly expanded range of contents to provide a solid core I I of basic English grammar for lower-level or beginning students. It includes numerous new exercises with, at the end of each chapter, cumulative review exercises that include additional communicative and interactive student-centered tasks. Also available are an Answer Key, with answers only, and a Teacher's Guide, with teaching suggestions as well as the answers to the exercises. . PREFACE i~