Basic Endocrinology

190 Pages·2005·2.11 MB·English

Basic Endocrinology
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Basic Endocrinology
for Students of Pharmacy and Allied Health
Sciences
Andrew Constanti (The School of Pharmacy, University of
London, London, UK)
and
Andrzej Bartke (Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois
University, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA)
with clinical contributions and case studies by
Romesh Khardori (Division of Endocrinology, Department of
Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine
Springfield, IL, USA)
harwood academic publishers
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This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
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Copyright © 1998 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association)
Amsterdam B.V. Published under license under the Harwood Academic
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permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Singapore.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 0-203-30173-0 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-16354-0 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN: 90-5702-251-6 (softcover)
To Heather, Lisa and Sophia
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Chapter 1: Introduction and General Principles 1
The Mode of Action of Hormones on Cells 2
Control of Hormone Secretion: The Concept of Feedback Mechanisms 3
Direct Negative Feedback 4
Indirect Negative Feedback 6
Positive Feedback 6
Review Questions 7
References 8
Chapter 2: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary 9
Structure and Histology 9
Histology 10
The Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System 11
Hypothalamic Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones that Influence the Anterior 11
Pituitary
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone 12
Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone 12
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone 13
Prolactin-Releasing/Inhibiting Factors 13
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone 13
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary 14
Gonadotrophins 14
Thyrotrophin (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, TSH) 15
Corticotrophin (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone, ACTH) 16
vii
Prolactin 19
Growth Hormone 20
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary 23
Vasopressin 23
Oxytocin 25
Review Questions 26
Clinical Case Studies 26
References 29
Chapter 3: The Adrenal Gland 32
Structure and Histology 32
Histology 32
Biosynthesis and Release of Adrenocortical Hormones 34
Control of Release 34
Glucocorticoids 34
Carbohydrate Metabolism 35
Protein Metabolism 35
Fat (Lipid) Metabolism 35
Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppressive Actions 35
Response to Stress 39
Mechanism of Action 39
Clinical Disorders 40
Mineralocorticoids 44
Mechanism of Action 44
Clinical Disorders 46
Review Questions 47
Clinical Case Studies 48
References 52
Chapter 4: The Thyroid Gland 55
Structure and Histology 55
Histology 55
viii
Biosynthesis and Release of Thyroid Hormones 55
Control of Release 58
Thyroid Hormones 59
Calorigenesis 59
Influence on Metabolism 59
Maturation of the Central Nervous System (CNS) 60
Skeletal Growth and Maturation 60
Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones 60
Clinical Disorders 61
Thyroid Hyposecretion 62
Thyroid Hypersecretion 63
‘Sick Euthyroid’ Syndrome 67
Review Questions 67
Clinical Case Studies 68
References 70
Chapter 5: Endocrine Secretions of the Pancreas 72
Structure and Histology 72
Histology 72
Pancreatic Hormones 73
Insulin 73
Glucagon 79
Other Islet β-cell Peptides 81
Clinical Disorders 82
Glucagon Hyposecretion 82
Insulin Deficiency 83
Secondary Diabetes 84
Primary Diabetes Mellitus 85
Gestational Diabetes 87
Some Late Clinical Features of Diabetes 87
Insulin Excess 88
ix
Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes 88
Treatment of Diabetes 91
Acute Complications of Diabetic Therapy 96
Review Questions 97
Clinical Case Studies 98
References 102
Chapter 6: The Gonads and Reproduction 105
The Male Reproductive System 105
Structure and Histology 105
Control of Spermatogenesis and Hormone Release 107
Androgens: Testosterone 108
Clinical Disorders 110
Some Clinical Uses of Androgens 110
The Female Reproductive System 112
Structure and Histology 112
The Ovarian Cycle and Hormone Release 112
The Uterine Cycle 113
Hormonal Regulation of Menstrual Cycle 114
Hormonal Changes during Pregnancy 115
The Menopause 118
Female Sex Hormones 119
Clinical Disorders 120
Some Clinical Uses of Oestrogens and Progestogens 121
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) 129
Pregnancy Testing 130
Review Questions 130
Clinical Case Studies 132
References 135
Chapter 7: The Parathyroid Glands, Vitamin D and Hormonal Control of Calcium 137
Metabolism
The Parathyroid Glands 138