Basic Chemistry

720 Pages·2019·26.49 MB·english

by  Karen C. Timberlake

Pigments in Our Lives T T
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Whenever you paint a picture or a room, or use inks or cosmetics, you use pigments. A pigment
b b
is a substance that gives a color to another material. Most pigments are a mixture of a powder
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and a colorless solvent.
r r
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On the front cover of this book, you can see examples of inorganic pigments that are a a
obtained from powdered minerals of different chemical elements. Cadmium in cadmium orange, k k
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chromium in chrome yellow, cobalt in cobalt violet, iron in red ocher, manganese in manganese
purple. However, the elements chromium and cadmium are toxic and have been replaced by
nontoxic pigments.
Organic pigments containing chains of the element carbon are obtained from plants and
animals. Indigo dye from the plant Indigofera tinctoria is an organic compound with a deep,
blue color used to color blue jeans and fabrics. Carbon black is a powdered form of the element
carbon used to color plastics, tires, inks, and paints.
Color is seen when a pigment absorbs certain wavelengths of visible light and reflects
C
the remaining wavelengths as a color. For
example, a pigment that absorbs red and
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green light, and reflects the blue wavelengths,
has a blue color. If a substance absorbs green
EB
light but relects red and blue wavelengths,
Blue Red Green Blue Red Green
it appears to have a violet color. A leaf
MA
with chlorophyll pigment is green because
all wavelengths in sunlight are absorbed S Sixth Edition
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except green. Blue Violet
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Mastering™ Chemistry is a learning platform designed with you T
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Timberlake
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-487811-9
ISBN-10: 0-13-487811-6
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Noblegases 18Group8A 2He4.00310Ne20.1818Ar39.9536Kr83.8054Xe131.386Rn(222)118Og(294) 71Lu175.0103Lr(262)
s
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aloge 17Grou7A 9F19.0017Cl35.4535Br79.9053I126.985At(210)117Ts(294) 70Yb173.0102No(259)
H
16Group6A 8O16.0016S32.0734Se78.9652Te127.684Po(209)116Lv(293) 69Tm168.9101Md(258)
p
15Grou5A 7N14.0115P30.9733As74.9251Sb121.883Bi209.0115Mc(289) 68Er167.3100Fm(257)
p
14Grou4A 6C12.0114Si28.0932Ge72.6450Sn118.782Pb207.2114Fl(289) 67Ho164.999Es(252)
p
13Grou3A 5B10.8113Al26.9831Ga69.7249In114.881Tl204.4113Nh(286) 66Dy162.598Cf(251)
ts 122B 30Zn65.4148Cd112.480Hg200.6112Cn(285) 65Tb158.997Bk(247)
n
me ents 111B 29Cu63.5547Ag107.979Au197.0111Rg(272) 64Gd157.396Cm(247)
m
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El ve ele 10 28Ni58.6946Pd106.478Pt195.1110Ds(271) 63Eu152.095Am(243)
f i
le o esentat nts 98B 27Co58.9345Rh102.977Ir192.2109Mt(268) 62Sm150.494Pu(244)
Tab Repr eleme 8 26Fe55.8544Ru101.176Os190.2108Hs(265) 61Pm(145)93Np(237) metals
c n n
odi nsitio 77B 25Mn54.9443Tc(99)75Re186.2107Bh(264) 60Nd144.292U238.0 No
a
Peri Tr 66B 24Cr52.0042Mo95.9474W183.8106Sg(266) 59Pr140.991Pa231.0
55B 23V50.9441Nb92.9173Ta180.9105Db(262) 58Ce140.190Th232.0 loids
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44B 22Ti47.8740Zr91.2272Hf178.5104Rf(261) ides ides Me
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33B 21Sc4.9639Y8.91*57La38.9†89Ac227) nth Act
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Alkalineearthmetals 2Group2A 4Be9.01212Mg24.3120Ca40.0838Sr87.6256Ba137.388Ra(226) * etals
Alkalimetals 1Group1A 1H1.0083Li6.94111Na22.9919K39.1037Rb85.4755Cs132.987Fr(223) M
dr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Atomic Masses of the Elements
Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Massa Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Massa
Actinium Ac 89 (227)b Mendelevium Md 101 (258)
Aluminum Al 13 26.98 Mercury Hg 80 200.6
Americium Am 95 (243) Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
Antimony Sb 51 121.8 Moscovium Mc 115 (289)
Argon Ar 18 39.95 Neodymium Nd 60 144.2
Arsenic As 33 74.92 Neon Ne 10 20.18
Astatine At 85 (210) Neptunium Np 93 (237)
Barium Ba 56 137.3 Nickel Ni 28 58.69
Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Nihonium Nh 113 (286)
Beryllium Be 4 9.012 Niobium Nb 41 92.91
Bismuth Bi 83 209.0 Nitrogen N 7 14.01
Bohrium Bh 107 (264) Nobelium No 102 (259)
Boron B 5 10.81 Oganesson Og 118 (294)
Bromine Br 35 79.90 Osmium Os 76 190.2
Cadmium Cd 48 112.4 Oxygen O 8 16.00
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Palladium Pd 46 106.4
Californium Cf 98 (251) Phosphorus P 15 30.97
Carbon C 6 12.01 Platinum Pt 78 195.1
Cerium Ce 58 140.1 Plutonium Pu 94 (244)
Cesium Cs 55 132.9 Polonium Po 84 (209)
Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 Potassium K 19 39.10
Chromium Cr 24 52.00 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9
Cobalt Co 27 58.93 Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Copernicium Cn 112 (285) Protactinium Pa 91 231.0
Copper Cu 29 63.55 Radium Ra 88 (226)
Curium Cm 96 (247) Radon Rn 86 (222)
Darmstadtium Ds 110 (271) Rhenium Re 75 186.2
Dubnium Db 105 (262) Rhodium Rh 45 102.9
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 Roentgenium Rg 111 (272)
Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Rubidium Rb 37 85.47
Erbium Er 68 167.3 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.1
Europium Eu 63 152.0 Rutherfordium Rf 104 (261)
Fermium Fm 100 (257) Samarium Sm 62 150.4
Flerovium Fl 114 (289) Scandium Sc 21 44.96
Fluorine F 9 19.00 Seaborgium Sg 106 (266)
Francium Fr 87 (223) Selenium Se 34 78.96
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.3 Silicon Si 14 28.09
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Silver Ag 47 107.9
Germanium Ge 32 72.64 Sodium Na 11 22.99
Gold Au 79 197.0 Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Hafnium Hf 72 178.5 Sulfur S 16 32.07
Hassium Hs 108 (265) Tantalum Ta 73 180.9
Helium He 2 4.003 Technetium Tc 43 (99)
Holmium Ho 67 164.9 Tellurium Te 52 127.6
Hydrogen H 1 1.008 Tennessine Ts 117 (294)
Indium In 49 114.8 Terbium Tb 65 158.9
Iodine I 53 126.9 Thallium Tl 81 204.4
Iridium Ir 77 192.2 Thorium Th 90 232.0
Iron Fe 26 55.85 Thulium Tm 69 168.9
Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Tin Sn 50 118.7
Lanthanum La 57 138.9 Titanium Ti 22 47.87
Lawrencium Lr 103 (262) Tungsten W 74 183.8
Lead Pb 82 207.2 Uranium U 92 238.0
Lithium Li 3 6.941 Vanadium V 23 50.94
Livermorium Lv 116 (293) Xenon Xe 54 131.3
Lutetium Lu 71 175.0 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.0
Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 Yttrium Y 39 88.91
Manganese Mn 25 54.94 Zinc Zn 30 65.41
Meitnerium Mt 109 (268) Zirconium Zr 40 91.22
aValues for atomic masses are given to four significant figures.
bValues in parentheses are the mass number of an important radioactive isotope.
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BASIC
CHEMISTRY
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BASIC
CHEMISTRY
Sixth Edition
Karen Timberlake
William Timberlake
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Timberlake, Karen, author. | Timberlake, William, author.
Title: Basic chemistry / Karen Timberlake, William Timberlake.
Description: Sixth edition. | New York, NY : Pearson, [2019] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018048212 | ISBN 9780134878119
Subjects: LCSH: Chemistry--Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QD31.3 .T54 2019 | DDC 540--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018048212
ISBN 10: 0-134-87811-6;
ISBN 13: 978-0-134-87811-9 (Student edition)
ISBN 10: 0-134-98699-7;
ISBN 13: 978-0-13498699-9 (Looseleaf Edition)
ISBN 10: 0-135-24461-7;
ISBN 13: 978-0-13524461-6 (NASTA)
www.pearson.com
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Brief Contents
1
Chemistry in Our Lives 1
2
Chemistry and Measurements 27
3
Matter and Energy 68
4
Atoms and Elements 100
5
Electronic Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends 125
6
Ionic and Molecular Compounds 156
7
Chemical Quantities 183
8
Chemical Reactions 213
9
Chemical Quantities in Reactions 239
10
Bonding and Properties of Solids and Liquids 269
11
Gases 311
12
Solutions 350
13
Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium 398
14
Acids and Bases 431
15
Oxidation and Reduction 476
16
Nuclear Chemistry 508
17
Organic Chemistry 540
18
Biochemistry 592
v
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Contents
1 2.7 Density 53
CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Bone Density 56
UPDATE Greg’s Visit with His Doctor 59
Chemistry
Concept Map 59
in Our Lives Chapter Review 60
1 Key Terms 61
Key Math Skills 61
CAREER Forensic Scientist 1 Core Chemistry Skills 61
Understanding the Concepts 62
1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals 2
Additional Practice Problems 64
1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist 3
Challenge Problems 65
CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Early Chemist: Answers to Engage Questions 65
Paracelsus 4 Answers to Selected Problems 65
1.3 Studying and Learning Chemistry 6
1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry 9 3
1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation 17
UPDATE Forensic Evidence Helps Solve the
Crime 21 Matter and
Concept Map 21
Energy
Chapter Review 22
68
Key Terms 22
Key Math Skills 22
CAREER Dietitian 68
Understanding the Concepts 24
3.1 Classification of Matter 69
Additional Practice Problems 24
Challenge Problems 25 CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Breathing
Answers to Engage Questions 25 Mixtures 70
Answers to Selected Problems 26 3.2 States and Properties of Matter 72
3.3 Temperature 75
CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Variation in Body
2
Temperature 79
3.4 Energy 79
Chemistry and 3.5 Specific Heat 82
3.6 Energy and Nutrition 87
Measurements CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Losing and Gaining
27 Weight 89
UPDATE A Diet and Exercise Program 90
CAREER Registered Nurse 27
Concept Map 91
2.1 Units of Measurement 28 Chapter Review 91
2.2 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures 31 Key Terms 92
2.3 Significant Figures in Calculations 34 Core Chemistry Skills 92
2.4 Prefixes and Equalities 39 Understanding the Concepts 93
Additional Practice Problems 94
2.5 Writing Conversion Factors 42
Challenge Problems 95
2.6 Problem Solving Using Unit Conversion 47 Answers to Engage Questions 96
CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Toxicology and Answers to Selected Problems 96
Risk–Benefit Assessment 52 Combining Ideas from Chapters 1 to 3 98
vii
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