Basic Atomic Interactions of Accelerated Heavy Ions in Matter: Atomic Interactions of Heavy Ions

228 Pages·2018·8.98 MB·English

by  Inga Tolstikhina

Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics 98
Inga Tolstikhina
Makoto Imai 
Nicolas Winckler
Viacheslav Shevelko
Basic Atomic
Interactions of
Accelerated Heavy
Ions in Matter
Atomic Interactions of Heavy Ions
Springer Series on Atomic, Optical,
and Plasma Physics
Volume 98
Editor-in-chief
GordonW.F.Drake,DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofWindsor,Windsor,ON,
Canada
Series editors
JamesBabb,Harvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysics,Cambridge,MA,USA
Andre D. Bandrauk, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke,
QC, Canada
Klaus Bartschat, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Drake University,
Des Moines, IA, USA
Philip George Burke, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University,
Belfast, UK
Robert N. Compton, Knoxville, TN, USA
Tom Gallagher, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Charles J. Joachain, Faculty of Science, Université Libre Bruxelles, Bruxelles,
Belgium
Peter Lambropoulos, FORTH, IESL, University of Crete, Iraklion, Crete, Greece
Gerd Leuchs, Institut für Theoretische Physik I, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg,
Erlangen, Germany
PierreMeystre, OpticalSciences Center, Universityof Arizona, Tucson, AZ,USA
The Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics covers in a
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/411
Inga Tolstikhina Makoto Imai
(cid:129)
Nicolas Winckler Viacheslav Shevelko
(cid:129)
Basic Atomic Interactions
of Accelerated Heavy Ions
in Matter
Atomic Interactions of Heavy Ions
123
IngaTolstikhina NicolasWinckler
LebedevPhysical Institute GSI Helmholtzzentrum für
Moscow SchwerionenforschungGmbH
Russia Darmstadt
Germany
Makoto Imai
Department ofNuclear Engineering Viacheslav Shevelko
KyotoUniversity LebedevPhysical Institute
Kyoto Moscow
Japan Russia
ISSN 1615-5653 ISSN 2197-6791 (electronic)
SpringerSeries onAtomic, Optical, andPlasma Physics
ISBN978-3-319-74991-4 ISBN978-3-319-74992-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74992-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018930375
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To our parents:
Galina and Yuriy Loginov,
Sachie and Junso Imai,
Marie Noelle Strecker and
Georges Winckler, and
Zinaida Tatarinova and Pyotr Shevelko
Preface
The aim of this book is to present researchers and graduated students, working in
the field of atomic, plasma, and accelerator physics, the basic aspects of atomic
interaction processes, occurring in penetration of fast heavy-ion beams through
matter—gaseous, solid, and plasma targets. Although an interest to investigate
interactions of ion beams with penetrated media has arisen more than 100 years
ago,thistopicisstillactualbecauseoffastdevelopmentofaccelerationtechniques
of heavy ions, progress in astrophysics, which includes unknown phenomena, as
well as new material production, progress in cancer/tumor therapy, industrial
tokamak devices, and plasma technique applied for effective production of
microchips and integrated circuits.
Thisbookisacontinuationofaprevious seriesofthebookssuchasPhysicsof
Highly Charged Ions by R. K. Janev, L. P. Presnyakov, and V. P. Shevelko,
Springer, Berlin (1985), Introduction to the Physics of Highly Charged Ions by
H.Beyer,V.P.Shevelko,IOP,Bristol(2003),ThePhysicsofMultiplyandHighly
Charged Ions by F. J. Currell, ed., Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrecht, Boston,
London(2003),AtomicProcessesinBasicandAppliedPhysicsbyV.P.Shevelko,
H. Tawara, eds., Springer, Heidelberg (2012).
Inthepresentbook,theinteraction processesofaccelerated ions with thetarget
particlesaredescribedandinterpretedintermsoftheatomicradiativeandcollision
properties such as electron-loss and electron-capture cross sections, transition
probabilities,andothercharacteristics.Themainattentionispaidtomany-electron
projectiles and heavy target particles. The principle peculiarity of such heavy
systems is the role of inner-shell electrons which in many cases play a major role,
and a contribution of the outermost electrons can be neglected. The influence of
inner-shell electrons leads to a change in the scaling laws for the collision cross
sections as a function of atomic parameters.
A big part of the book is devoted to consideration of the cross sections
responsible for interaction of ion beams with gaseous, solid, and plasma targets,
including experimental results, theoretical methods, and computer codes used for
calculationssuchasCTMC,CAPTURE,DEPOSIT,RICODE, andothers.Atomic
vii
viii Preface
processes are mainly responsible for kinetic energy losses of ion beams in pene-
trating matter (stopping power) and evolution of the charge-state fractions.
Dynamics of the charge-state fractions and equilibrium mean charges of ion
beamsinteractingwithmediaareconsideredonthebasisofthebalanceequilibrium
equations, including equilibration of the charge-state fractions and mean charges,
equilibrium target thickness. A short description of the computer programs
ETACHA, GLOBAL, CHARGE, BREIT, and others for calculation of the
charge-state fractions asa functionof thetarget thickness isgiven as well assome
applications such as detection of super-heavy elements and creating an inverse
population in a capillary discharge plasma.
A special aspect, considered here, is electron-capture processes at low collision
energies and related topics such as the influence of the isotope effect on the cross
sectionsofresonantandquasi-resonantelectroncaptureincollisionswithhydrogen
isotopes H, D, and T. These processes are of high interest for specialists studying
DT plasmas due to two main reasons. First, these processes exhibit the dominant
mechanisms for creating in a plasma the impurity ions in excited states, radiative
short-wavelengthspectraofwhichareusedfor plasma diagnostics. Second,ahigh
interestisnowrelatedtoW(Z=74)atomsandionsbecausetungstenisconsidered
as the most perspective element for making walls and diverter in plasma devices
with magnetic confinement, where the interactions of W atoms and ions with
hydrogen and its isotopes play an important role. It should be noted that the
common scaling laws for electron-capture cross sections are not valid for
low-energycollisions with hydrogenisotopes, andthattheinfluenceoftheisotope
effect on the resonant and quasi-resonant electron-capture cross sections is extre-
mely strong: The cross sections for the reactions with different isotopes may differ
bymorethanthreeordersofmagnitude;therefore,investigationoftheseprocesses
requires a special attention.
The book does not contain a detailed description of theoretical methods and
complicated formulae but presents the data in a compact form using figures in the
scaledunits,tables,andsimpleanalyticalformulaewhichallowsonetoestimatethe
atomic characteristics (mainly cross sections) without resorting to computer. Such
presentation may be of interest, especially to experimentalists working in the field
of atomic, plasma, and accelerator physics.
Moscow, Russia Inga Tolstikhina
Kyoto, Japan Makoto Imai
Paris, France Nicolas Winckler
Viacheslav Shevelko
Acknowledgements
Theauthorswouldliketothank manycolleagues andfriendsaround theworldfor
their great contribution to atomic and accelerator physics included to many topics
discussed in the book.
In connection with experimental investigations offast heavy ions in gases and
solid targets, we are very much obliged to the late Fritz Bosch, H. Weick,
Ch. Scheidenberger, H. Geissel, Th. Stöhlker, Yu. Litvinov, Ch. E. Düllmann,
J.Khuyagbaatar,A.Yakushev,andO.Rosmejforhelpfulandusefuldiscussionsat
GSI, Darmstadt, as well as to the late Toshizo Shirai, M. Sataka, M. Matsuda,
S. Okayasu, K. Kawatsura, K. Takahiro, K. Komaki, H. Shibata, K. Nishio for
fruitful discussions at the tandem accelerator facility in Japan Atomic Energy
Agency (JAEA), Tokai.
Experimental and theoretical works, especially on CTMC calculations, per-
formed by R. Olson and R. D. DuBois, made a large contribution to our under-
standing of charge-changing processes in collisions of heavy especially uranium
ions, with gaseous targets including multiple-electron-loss and electron-capture
processes.
Theauthorsappreciateverymuchexperimentalandtheoreticalworksperformed
withHiroTawara(NIFS,Toki,Japan),whoseknowledgeinmanyfieldsofatomic
and accelerator physics are reflected in many works and books cited in thepresent
work.Duringthecourseofwritingthisbook,webenefittedfromafruitfulexchange
of ideas and discussions with Z. Patyk, C. Rappold, M. Trassinelli, E. Lamour,
D. Vernhet, J. P. Rozet, and P. Sigmund.
We have a special pleasure to thank E. Salzborn and A. Müller from
Strahlenzentrum Giessen, Germany, for their fundamental experimental and theo-
reticalresultsonelectron–ion,ion–atom,andion–ioncollisionswhichhavecreated
a solid database for many branches of atomic physics.
RussianphysicistsV.M.Shabaev,I.I.Tupitsyn,B.M.Smirnov,V.S.Lebedev,
O. I. Tolstikhin, and A. A. Narits increased our knowledge in QED, relativistic
effects,andotherfieldsoftheoreticalphysicswhichhelpedusverymuchinwriting
and interpreting the material of the present book.
ix
x Acknowledgements
V. P. S and M. I. would like to appreciate A. Itoh and Y.-D. Jung for their
continuouscollaboration.M.I.wouldliketothankH.BrianandCarolynGilbody,
Jörg and Midori Eichler, Robert E. H. and Sarah Clark, N. Stolterfoht and
H. Moriyama for their steady encouragement as well as financial support by
JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 14780381, 24561024, 16K06937 and
Cooperative Research Program of JAEA and University of Tokyo.
Specialthanksgotothepublishers,especially,toSeniorEditorClausAscheron
and Assistant Editor Adelheid Duhm for active support.