Basic and clinical aspects of veterinary immunology

311 Pages·1979·19.077 MB·English

by  Bennie I Osburn, Ronald D Schultz

ADVISORY BOARD
W. I. B. BEVERIDGE C. E. HOPLA
J. H. GILLESPIE NORMAN D. LEVINE
W. R. HINSHAW C. A. MITCHELL
W. R. PRITCHARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME
LORNE A. BABIUK JAN C. NOEL
TIMOTHY B. CRAWFORD LANCE E. PERRYMAN
M. ESSEX P. PORTER
C. K. GRANT BARRY T. ROUSE
J. B. HENSON E. J. L. SOULSBY
LOREN D. KOLLER H. M. VRIESENDORP
TRAVIS C. MCGUIRE A. J. WINTER
ADVISORY BOARD
W. I. B. BEVERIDGE C. E. HOPLA
J. H. GILLESPIE NORMAN D. LEVINE
W. R. HINSHAW C. A. MITCHELL
W. R. PRITCHARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME
LORNE A. BABIUK JAN C. NOEL
TIMOTHY B. CRAWFORD LANCE E. PERRYMAN
M. ESSEX P. PORTER
C. K. GRANT BARRY T. ROUSE
J. B. HENSON E. J. L. SOULSBY
LOREN D. KOLLER H. M. VRIESENDORP
TRAVIS C. MCGUIRE A. J. WINTER
ADVANCES IN
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND
COMPARATIVE MEDICINE
Volume 23
Edited by
C. A. BRANDLY CHARLES E. CORNELIUS
College of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine
Univers1:ty of Illinois University of Florida
Urbana, Illinois Gainesville, Florida
BASIC AND CLINICAL ASPECTS
OF VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY
GuestEditors
B. I. OSBURN RONALD D. SCHULTZ
School of Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California Auburn University
Davis, California Auburn,Alabama
1979
ACADEMIC PRESS
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COPYRIGHT © 1979, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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ISBN 0-12-039223-2
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions
begin.
LORNE A. BABIUK, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saska­
toon, Saskatchewan, Canada (103)
TIMOTHY B. CRAWFORD, Department of Microbiology and Pathology,
College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pull­
man, Washington 99163 (137)
M. ESSEX, Department of Microbiology, Harvard School of Public
Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 (183)
C. K. GRANT, Department of Microbiology, Harvard School of Public
Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 (183)
J. B. HENSON,* International Laboratory for Research on Animal Dis­
eases, Nairobi, Kenya (161)
LOREN D. KOLLER, Veterinary Medicine, University of Idaho, Moscow,
Idaho 83843 (267)
TRAVIS C. MCGUIRE, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Col­
lege of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman,
Washington 99163 (137)
JAN C. NOEL, Graduate School, Washington State University, Pullman,
Washington 99164 (161)
LANCE E. PERRYMAN, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pa­
thology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163
(23)
P. PORTER, Department of Immunology, Colworth Laboratory, Unilever
Research, Bedford, United Kingdom (1)
* Present address : Department of Microbiology and Pathology and Graduate
School, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman,
Washington 99164.
ix
X CONTRIBUTORS
BARRY T. ROUSE, Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916 (103)
E. J. L. SOULSBY,* Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104 (71)
H. M. VRIESENDORP, Radiobiological Institute, GO-TNO, Rijewijk, The
Netherlands, and Laboratory for Experimental Surgery, Erasmus
University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (229)
A. J. WINTER, Department of Clinical Sciences, New York State College
of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
(23)
* Present address : Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of
Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, England.
PREFACE
Advances in veterinary immunology continue to shed new light on the
basic and applied aspects of this speciality. As the reviews in the present
volume clearly indicate, these elucidating advances in our understand­
ing of the biology of immune responses have led* to a better appreciation
of disease processes in a number of animal species. Many of the im­
portant contributions made by investigators in basic and applied vet­
erinary immunology are included here with the hope that others will
follow and take advantage of the unique opportunities available in
veterinary medicine.
In the first article, Porter reviews immunoglobulin classes observed
in different animal species. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of
colostral and local immunity in the neonatal ungulate. The contribution
by Perryman emphasizes the importance of the immune response to the
well being of an individual and highlights clinical manifestation of dis­
eases observed in primary and acquired immune deficiencies. Criteria
for characterizing different types of immune deficiencies observed in
domestic animals are of value to clinicians and researchers.
Bacterial and helminth infections remain important causes of disease
in domestic species. In the third contribution to this volume, Winter
has elaborated on the mechanisms by which cellular and humoral im­
mune factors effect their action on bacteria. In addition, adverse con­
sequences of immune responsiveness are highlighted in a review of those
bacteria, e.g., Campy lob act er fetus, that undergo antigenic variation in
the presence of antibody, thereby allowing the bacteria to persist in the
host. Soulsby, in the fourth article, has presented a comprehensive re­
view of the modulation of both host and parasite which permits parasites
to survive in the host. Evidence for the immunologie basis of seasonal
and self-cure phenomena is described for different species.
A basic understanding of immune responses to viral infections is pro­
viding important insight into the different ways that cellular and humoral
factors provide protection. In the fifth article, Rouse and Babiuk have
summarized the mechanisms of immunity by different animal species
as they encounter viral diseases. Their focus on the cooperative role be­
tween the immune system and accessory factors such as complement and
phagocytic cells emphasizes the complexity of the host defense system.
It is apparent that a number of pathways are in operation to prevent
disease and/or eliminate infections.
XI
Xll PREFACE
The sixth contribution by McGuire and Crawford is a comprehensive
review of a classical immunopathologic disease caused by the virus of
equine infectious anemia. The authors characterize the immune response
to the virus and its subcomponents and offer an explanation for the
means by which the virus eludes immune responses in order to persist
in the host.
African animal trypanosomiasis has proved to be one of the most
difficult of diseases to control. As a result, few of the improved domestic
ruminants have been afcle to survive in the vast grasslands of East
Africa. Intensive investigations focusing on the immunologie features
necessary for developing suitable measures to contain this disease are
under way. In the seventh article, Henson and Noel review the processes
that allow the parasite to persist and those aspects of the host's response
that may be most beneficial for preventing infection.
In the eighth review, Essex and Grant have covered those significant
immunologie studies performed on domestic animal species. It is evident
from their review that many of the diseases have proved to be models
that have contributed to a better understanding of the immune fac­
tors playing a role in tumor biology. Again, the wide varieties of re­
sponses to viral-induced neoplasms are presented.
The importance of the histocompatibility system became evident during
the era of organ transplants. The canine has been used as an important
animal model for perfecting the surgical procedures for organ transplan­
tation. At present, the dog histocompatibility system is probably the
most advanced of all domestic animal species. In the ninth article,
Vriesendorp reviews the information now available on the canine sys­
tem. In addition, information is provided for effective immunosuppressive
regimes and for the future application of transplantation immunology
in the dog.
In the tenth contribution, Koller provides insight into an important
new area of veterinary immunology. The contribution includes the cri­
teria used to establish that toxic substances or environmental contam­
inants cause aberrant immune responses. Examples are given of toxic
products that are known to cause alterations in immunologie responsive­
ness.
It has been a pleasure to be able to work with these contributors, with
the Editors, C. E. Cornelius and C. A. Brandly, and with the publisher,
each of which have made this volume possible.
B. I. OSBURN
RONALD D. SCHULTZ
ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE, VOL. 23
Structural and Functional Characteristics of
Immunoglobulins of the Common Domestic Species
P. PORTER
Department of Immunology, Unilever Research, Bedford, United Kingdom
I. Introduction 1
II. Classification of Immunoglobulins in Animal Species 2
III. Immunoglobulins in Fetal and Germfree Life . . . . . . .. 4
IV. Immunoglobulins in the Materno-Neonatal Relationship . . . .. 6
1. The Regulatory Effect of Maternal Immunoglobulins in the Neonate 6
2. Protective Effect of Maternal Immunoglobulins in the Neonate . 8
3. The Role of Maternal Immunoglobulin in the Neonatal Gut . . 11
V. Ontogeny, Transport, and Function of Intestinal Immunoglobulin . . 12
VI. Immunoglobulins in the Nasolacrimal Fluids 15
VII. Effector Mechanisms in Mucosal Immunity 16
References 19
I. Introduction
At the outset it is perhaps best stated that the objective in this chapter
is not to provide the classical treatise on immunoglobulin structure
involving the description of H-chains, L-chains, J-chains, Hinge regions,
and the like. Obviously a substantial amount of effort has been devoted
to the isolation and characterization of immunoglobulins in domesti­
cated animal species. This has largely served to provide confidence in a
universal nomenclature for classification, and such investigations are
more generally noted rather for their tedium than for their creativity.
Their primary contribution must lie in assisting a more adequate ex­
ploration and comparison of immune function between species. Under­
standably, it is in the realms of functional significance that the main
attractions are presented to those concerned in regulating immune
mechanisms for the benefit of animal health and production.
Much might be gained by exploiting the natural mechanisms of im­
munity in the way they would normally function, rather than imposing
1
Copyright © 1979 by Academic Press, Inc.
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
ISBN 0-12-039223-2
2 P. PORTER
some unnatural constraints upon animals already stressed by the sys­
tems of intensive husbandry. In this respect it may be said that definition
of the immune mechanisms of exocrine systems represents one of the
most fundamental advances during the past decade, and this presents
some exciting prospects for veterinary medicine. Immunoprophylactic
measures exploiting the principle of surface immunity are already in
use through the exploitation of oral and intranasal routes of immuniza­
tion. New advances are being made in ways of regulating the immune
response to meet specific requirements in intensive animal rearing
systems.
The diverse range of domestic species can be used to advantage to
select topics that demonstrate the manner of adaptation of natural
mechanisms. The various physiological differences can be used to
highlight such features. In this respect a range of functional variations
can be adequately exemplified in the major farm species—the pig, cow,
sheep, and chicken. These species are the ones mainly featured here,
and with them exists an abundance of opportunity to create a broad
basis of interest for those engaged in the many and varied areas of
veterinary investigation. For example, in gut function alone there is
obvious variety in immunobiology between monogastric, ruminant,
and avian species. With current emphasis of many researchers on the
central role of the gut in exocrine immunity, these species have more
to offer than just comparative immunology.
II. Classification of Immunoglobulins in Animal Species
The spectrum of immunoglobulins produced within the lymphoid
tissues form a family of proteins having broad similarities in structure
and function between animal species. Establishing homologies between
classes in different species is of special interest in relating function
to class. Furthermore, it is of obvious importance for the purpose of
deriving a consistent nomenclature. For this reason it is essential that
the reference species be man, since only in man has a formal nomen­
clature been established (World Health Organization, 1966).
Criteria have been proposed by which, throughout the animal species,
there can be a competent evaluation of prospective analogs of the
human immunoglobulins. The first and most rigid is based on signifi­
cant similarity of primary structure; lesser-order criteria are based on
biologic and physicochemical similarities. Studies of immunologie cross
reactivity have facilitated the establishment of homology (Vaerman
et al, 1969).