Basic and Applied Zooplankton Biology

447 Pages·2019·15.88 MB·English

by  Perumal Santhanam

Perumal Santhanam · Ajima Begum 
Perumal Pachiappan E ditors
Basic and
Applied
Zooplankton
Biology
Basic and Applied Zooplankton Biology
Perumal Santhanam • Ajima Begum
Perumal Pachiappan
Editors
Basic and Applied
Zooplankton Biology
Editors
Perumal Santhanam Ajima Begum
Marine Planktonology & Aquaculture Department of Botany
Laboratory, Department of Marine Science Tihu College
School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan Tihu, Assam, India
University
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Perumal Pachiappan
Department of Biotechnology, School of
Biosciences
Periyar University
Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
ISBN 978-981-10-7952-8 ISBN 978-981-10-7953-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7953-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018945897
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Preface
Zooplankton (In Greek: Zoon – animal; Planktos – wanderer/drifter) are minute,
mostly microscopic drifting creatures mainly inhabiting the surface layers of aquatic
ecosystems like seas, oceans, lakes, rivers, and ponds. The zooplankton along with
phytoplankton forms the basic tiers of aquatic food chains and thus feeding the
higher tropic organisms like fishes. The zooplankton comprises of wide range of
organisms that are classified based on their size, depth, and geography of distribu-
tion and mainly in relation to their life cycle. While the holoplanktonic zooplankton
lead their entire life as planktonic-mode of life (e.g., radiolarians), the meroplank-
tonic forms spend only their early stage of life as “plankton” and later stage as
“nekton-swimmers” (e.g., eggs and larvae of fish). Their primary sources of food
include bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, marine snow (detritus), and also some
smaller zooplankton. Therefore, they are the primary consumers or secondary pro-
ducers and hence form a vital link in the aquatic food web. Their distribution, abun-
dance, and seasonal changes have a major impact on the annual fishery productivity/
yield across the world’s oceans. During the death and decay of these creatures, the
carbon containing organic material sinks down onto deep oceans and thus they play
an important role in carbon cycle.
The copepods, a major constituent of zooplankton population, are a potentially
reliable source of protein to most of the economically important wild as well as
aquacultured fishes. They are of a highly evolved and successful animal group in
relation to the phylogenetic age, number of living species coupled with successful
adaptive radiation. In view of their sheer abundance, diversity, and nutritional supe-
riority, they are popularly called as “insects of the sea” and “living capsules.”
Millions of these tiny creatures produce countless fecal pellets that contribute to the
snow formation and consequent nutrients and minerals flow to the surface waters.
The study of the ecology of copepods/zooplankton would provide data – index of
the fisheries potential of aquatic ecosystems. Some zooplankton, in view of their
distribution in restricted areas, are considered to be “indicators of water masses.”
Moreover, these largely untapped microorganisms provide scope for prospecting for
various medicines, cosmetics, and oils besides solution for sustainable fisheries and
aquaculture.
v
vi Preface
This book documents the current state of the art of features of basic and applied
aspects of zooplankton. The topics cover various aspects of zooplankton like ecol-
ogy, economy, morphological, and molecular taxonomy of zooplankton. And also,
culture and preservation of copepod eggs and the enzymatic/mosquitocidal property
of copepods. Bioenvironment and pigments of copepods and their suitability as feed
for larvae of fin fishes and shellfishes besides the biology of Artemia are the other
aspects.
It is hoped that this book would be immensely useful to the postgraduate and
research students of Marine Biology, Aquatic Biotechnology, Animal Science, and
Fishery Science. The editors thank all the contributors and publishers.
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India Perumal Santhanam
Nalbari, Assam, India Ajima Begum
Salem, Tamil Nadu, India Perumal Pachiappan
Contents
A Method of Collection, Preservation and Identification
of Marine Zooplankton................................................................................... 1
P. Santhanam, P. Pachiappan, and A. Begum
Seasonal Composition and Diversity of Zooplankton
from Muthupet Mangrove Wetland Ecosystem,
Southeast Coast of India ................................................................................. 45
P. Santhanam, N. Jeyaraj, J. Sivakumar, K. Jothiraj,
S. Dinesh Kumar, and S. Ananth
DNA Barcoding of Copepods ......................................................................... 87
C. Rajthilak, P. Santhanam, P. Pachiappan, T. Veeramani,
and S. Ravikumar
A Method of Bio-efficacy Potential of Zooplankton
(Copepod) for the Control of Vector Mosquitoes ......................................... 127
S. Balakrishnan, P. Santhanam, N. Manickam, and M. Srinivasan
Techniques in the Collection, Preservation and Morphological
Identification of Freshwater Zooplankton .................................................... 139
N. Manickam, P. Santhanam, and P. Saravana Bhavan
A Technique on the Culture and Preservation of Marine
Copepod Eggs .................................................................................................. 197
M. Kaviyarasan and P. Santhanam
Introduction to Artemia Culture .................................................................... 209
T. Veeramani, P. Santhanam, N. Manickam, and C. Rajthilak
Optimisation of the Culture Conditions of Nannocalanus minor
(Copepoda: Calanoida) ................................................................................... 225
K. Jothiraj and P. Santhanam
A Method of Estimation of Enzymatic Activity of Copepods ..................... 247
T. Jayalakshmi and P. Santhanam
vii
viii Contents
A Study on Assessing the Feeding, Survival, Fecundity,
and Postembryonic Development of Zooplankton
Nitocra affinis (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) ................................................... 257
R. Nandakumar and P. Santhanam
Evaluation of the Suitability of Marine Copepods
as an Alternative Live Feed in High- Health
Fish Larval Production ................................................................................... 277
P. Santhanam, N. Jeyaraj, K. Jothiraj, S. Ananth, S. Dinesh Kumar,
and P. Pachiappan
Assessing the Efficacy of Marine Copepods as an Alternative
First Feed for Larval Production of Tiger Shrimp 
Penaeus monodon ............................................................................................ 293
P. Santhanam, N. Jeyaraj, K. Jothiraj, S. Ananth, S. Dinesh Kumar,
and P. Pachiappan
Biofloc-Copefloc: A Novel Technology for Sustainable
Shrimp Farming .............................................................................................. 305
P. Santhanam, S. Ananth, S. Dinesh Kumar, and P. Pachiappan
Methodologies for the Bioenrichment of Plankton ...................................... 315
N. Manickam, P. Santhanam, S. Balakrishnan, T. Muralisankar,
T. Veeramani, A. Shenbaga Devi, and P. Saravana Bhavan
Intensive Culture, Biochemical Composition Analysis,
and Use of Zooplankton Tisbe sp. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida)
as an Alternative Live Feed for Shrimp Larviculture ................................. 329
S. Ananth and P. Santhanam
A Method of Analysis of Pigments in Copepods .......................................... 363
M. Kaviyarasan, S. Ananth, P. Santhanam, and P. Pachiappan
An Intensive Culture Techniques of Marine Copepod
Oithona rigida (Dioithona rigida) Giesbrecht ............................................... 367
P. Santhanam, S. Ananth, S. Dinesh Kumar, R. Sasirekha,
C. Premkumar, S. Jeyanthi, and A. Shenbaga Devi
A Microcosm Study on the Impact of Acidification on Feeding,
Survival, Nauplii Production Rate, Post-embryonic Development
and Nutritional Composition of Marine Copepod ....................................... 395
T. Jayalakshmi and P. Santhanam
The Impact of Microplastics on Marine Copepods...................................... 429
P. Raju, S. Gunabal, and P. Santhanam
About the Editors
Dr. P. Santhanam is an assistant professor at the Department of Marine Science,
School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu,
India. He obtained his M.Sc, M. Phil and Ph.D Degrees in Marine Biology, from the
C.A.S. in Marine Biology, Annamalai University. He has over 19 years of research
and 11 years of teaching experience with over 130 publications in national and
internationally respected journals, books and proceedings. He specializes in the
areas of marine planktonology & aquaculture with reference to biodiversity, taxon-
omy, biology and culture of phyto and zooplankton for fish larviculture. He has
successfully completed 5 major research projects funded by UGC, DST, DBT &
SERB (Govt. of India) and is currently involved in 2 major research projects funded
by the UGC & MoEF& CC (Govt. of India). He is a member in several scientific
bodies and has served as an editorial board member for over 5 journals and as a
reviewer for over 25 leading national and international journals. He received
the DST Young Scientist Award in 2007, KTSTM Trust Best Researcher Award,
and the Prof. Dr. M. Aruchami Award from Kongunadu Arts & Science College &
Dr. M. Aruchami Research Foundation for his extraordinary contribution to Indian
live-feed aquaculture, especially copepod. He has been expert-member of various
committees.
Mrs. Ajima Begum is currently an assistant professor at the Department of Botany,
Tihu College, Tihu, Nalbari, Assam, India. Before joining in Tihu College, she
worked as an assistant professor at B. N. College, Dhubri, Assam. She also served
as a research investigator at NIRD-NERC, in the project entitled “Training-cum-
Documentation for Establishing Rural Industries of Medicinal and Aromatic plants
in North Eastern Region”. She has published over 10 research articles in leading
national and international journals and participated in more than 6 national and
international level trainings, conferences and seminars.
ix
x About the Editors
Dr. P. Pachiappan is a professor & head of the Department of Biotechnology,
Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. Prior to his appointment at Periyar
University, he was a faculty research associate, lecturer, reader and professor at the
C.A.S. in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, where he received his Ph. D.,
Degree in 1989. He is also passed the UGC-National Educational Test in 1985. He
has over 30 years of research experience with about 150 publications to his credit.
His research interests include molecular taxonomy and live-feed aspects of plank-
ton, fish larviculture and antibiotic principles/drugs from marine bioresources. He
has successfully completed many major research projects funded by ICAR, MoES,
DRDO, UGC (Govt. of India) and is currently co-ordinating the DST-FIST pro-
gramme. He is a member of the Academic Council, Senate, Board of Research
Studies, chairman of PG-Board of Studies in Biotechnology & Bioinformatics (of
Periyar University) and a member of the Board of Studies at various colleges and
universities. He was the chairman of the Periyar University Institutional Animals
Ethical Committee & co-ordinator of the Periyar University Patent Facilitation
Centre & Industrial MOU, an expert-member of the European Commission (EC)
Projects Review committee, scientist member of Govt. Mohan Kumaramangalam
Medical College Institutional Animal Ethics committee and Scientific Advisory
committees. He is also a reviewer/editor for several national & international
journals.