Baseband Analog Circuits for Software Defined Radio

151 Pages·2007·2.47 MB·English

BASEBAND ANALOG CIRCUITS
FOR SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
ANALOGCIRCUITSANDSIGNALPROCESSINGSERIES
ConsultingEditor:MohammedIsmail.OhioStateUniversity
TitlesinSeries:
CMOSSINGLECHIPFASTFREQUENCYHOPPINGSYNTHESIZERSFORWIRELESS
MULTI-GIGAHERTZAPPLICATIONS
Bourdi,Taoufik,Kale,Izzet
ISBN:978-1-4020-5927-8
ULTRALOWPOWERCAPACITIVESENSORINTERFACES
Bracke,W.,Puers,R.(etal.)
ISBN978-1-4020-6231-5
ANALOGCIRCUITDESIGNTECHNIQUESAT0.5V
Chatterjee,S.,Kinget,P.,Tsividis,Y.,Pun,K.P.
ISBN-10:0-387-69953-8
IQCALIBRATIONTECHNIQUESFORCMOSRADIOTRANCEIVERS
Chen,Sao-Jie,Hsieh,Yong-Hsiang
ISBN-10:1-4020-5082-8
BASEBAND ANALOG CIRCUITS FOR SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
Giannini, Vito, Craninckx, Jan, Baschirotto, Andrea
ISBN:978-1-4020-6537-8
BROADBANDOPTO-ELECTRICALRECEIVERSINSTANDARDCMOS
Hermans,C.,Steyaert,M.
ISBN978-1-4020-6221-6
FULL-CHIPNANOMETERROUTINGTECHNIQUES
Ho,Tsung-Yi,Chang,Yao-Wen,Chen,Sao-Jie
ISBN:978-1-4020-6194-3
THEGM/IDDESIGNMETHODOLOGYFORCMOSANALOGLOWPOWER
INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS
Jespers,PaulG.A.
ISBN-10:0-387-47100-6
ANALOG-BASEBANDARCHITECTURESANDCIRCUITS
FORMULTISTANDARDANDLOW-VOLTAGEWIRELESSTRANSCEIVERS
Mak,PuiIn,U,Seng-Pan,Martins,RuiPaulo
ISBN:978-1-4020-6432-6
DESIGNANDANALYSISOFINTEGRATEDLOW-POWERULTRAWIDEBAND
RECEIVERS
Lu,IvanSiu-Chuang,Parameswaran,Sri
ISBN:978-1-4020-6482-1
CMOSMULTI-CHANNELSINGLE-CHIPRECEIVERSFORMULTI-GIGABITOPT...
Muller,P.,Leblebici,Y.
ISBN978-1-4020-5911-7
PRECISIONTEMPERATURESENSORSINCMOSTECHNOLOGY
Pertijs,MichielA.P.,Huijsing,JohanH.
ISBN-10:1-4020-5257-X
SWITCHED-CAPACITORTECHNIQUESFORHIGH-ACCURACYFILTERANDADC...
Quinn,P.J.,Roermund,A.H.M.v.
ISBN978-1-4020-6257-5
RFPOWERAMPLIFIERSFORMOBILECOMMUNICATIONS
Reynaert,Patrick,Steyaert,Michiel
ISBN:1-4020-5116-6
ADVANCEDDESIGNTECHNIQUESFORRFPOWERAMPLIFIERS
Rudiakova,A.N.,Krizhanovski,V.
ISBN1-4020-4638-3
CMOSCASCADESIGMA-DELTAMODULATORSFORSENSORSANDTELECOM
delR´ıo,R.,Medeiro,F.,Pe´rez-Verdu´,B.,delaRosa,J.M.,Rodr´ıguez-Va´zquez,A.
ISBN1-4020-4775-4
ADAPTIVE LOW-POWER CIRCUITS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Tasic, Aleksandar, Serdijn, Wouter A., Long, John R.
ISBN:978-1-4020-5249-1
Baseband Analog Circuits
for Software Defined Radio
by
VITO GIANNINI
IMEC, Wireless Research, Leuven, Belgium
JAN CRANINCKX
IMEC, Wireless Research, Leuven, Belgium
and
ANDREA BASCHIROTTO
University of Salento, Italy
AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
ISBN978-1-4020-6537-8 (HB)
ISBN978-1-4020-6538-5 (e-book)
PublishedbySpringer,
P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands.
www.springer.com
Printedonacid-freepaper
All Rights Reserved
(cid:1)c 2008SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise,
without writte n permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied
specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive
use by the purchaser of the work.
Amamma,papa`,Carmeloe
Lucaperche´sodipoter
semprecontaresudiloro.
ToBeatrizandoursweetest
babygirl,SofiaMelina,for
theirlove,trustandconstant
support.
Contents
Dedication v
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
1. 4GMOBILETERMINALS 1
1.1 AWireless-CentricWorld 1
1.2 TheDrivingForcesTowards4GSystems 3
1.3 BasicArchitectureFora4GTerminal 6
1.4 TheRoleofAnalogCircuits 8
1.5 Energy-ScalableRadioFrontEnd 9
1.6 TowardsCognitiveRadios 11
2. SOFTWAREDEFINEDRADIOFRONTENDS 13
2.1 TheSoftwareRadioArchitecture 13
2.2 CandidateArchitecturesforSDRFrontEnds 16
2.2.1 Heterodyneanddigital-IFreceivers 17
2.2.2 Zero-IFreceivers 19
2.2.3 Digitallow-IFreceivers 22
2.2.4 Bandpasssamplingreceivers 24
2.2.5 DirectRFsamplingreceivers 26
2.3 SDRFrontEndImplementation 27
2.3.1 LNAandinputmatching 29
2.3.2 Frequencysynthesizer 30
2.3.3 Basebandsignalprocessing 31
2.3.4 Measurementsresults 31
2.4 DigitalCalibrationofAnalogImperfections 33
2.4.1 Quadratureimbalance 34
2.4.2 DCoffset 36
viii Contents
2.4.3 ImpactofLPFspectralbehavior 36
2.5 Conclusions 37
3. LINKBUDGETANALYSISINTHESDRANALOG
BASEBANDSECTION 39
3.1 AnalogBasebandSignalProcessing 39
3.2 BasebandTrade-OffsforAnalogtoDigitalConversion 40
3.2.1 NumberofpolesfortheLPF 41
3.2.2 ADCdynamicrange 42
3.2.3 Basebandpowerconsumptionestimation 47
3.3 MultistandardAnalogBasebandSpecs 48
3.4 MultimodeLow-PassFilter 49
3.4.1 Filterselectivity 50
3.4.2 Filternoiseandlinearity 54
3.4.3 Filterflexibilityplanning 56
3.4.4 Cascadeofbiquadraticsections 59
3.5 AutomaticGainControl 62
3.6 Conclusions 65
4. FLEXIBLEANALOGBUILDINGBLOCKS 67
4.1 ChallengesinAnalogDesignforFlexibility 67
4.2 AModularDesignApproach 68
4.3 FlexibleOperationalAmplifiers 70
4.3.1 Variablecurrentsources 70
4.3.2 Arraysofoperationalamplifiers 71
4.4 ADigital-ControlledCurrentFollower 75
4.5 FlexiblePassiveComponents 75
4.6 FlexibleTransconductors 77
4.7 FlexibleBiquadraticSections 78
4.7.1 TheActive-G -RCbiquad 79
m
4.8 Conclusions 91
5. IMPLEMENTATIONSOFFLEXIBLEFILTERSFORSDR
FRONTEND 93
5.1 StateoftheArtforFlexibleCTFilters 93
5.2 AReconfigurableUMTS/WLANActive-G -RCLPF 94
m
5.2.1 Filterarchitecture 96
5.2.2 AutomaticRCcalibrationscheme 97
5.2.3 Measurementsresults 102
Contents ix
5.3 LPFandVGAforSDRFrontEnd 105
5.3.1 LPFandVGAarchitectures 107
5.3.2 Prototypemeasurements 111
5.4 Conclusions 118
Acronyms 119
ListofFigures 123
ListofTables 129
References 131
Index 139
Preface
Withtherapiddevelopmentofwirelesscommunicationnetworks,
it is expected that fourth-generation (4G) mobile systems will
appearinthemarketbytheendofthisdecade. Thesesystems
will aim at seamlessly integrating the existing wireless tech-
nologies on a single handset: together with the traditional power/size/price
limitations, themobileterminalshouldnowcomplywithamultitudeofwire-
lessstandards. SoftwareDefined Radio(SDR)canbetherightanswertothis
technology demand. By restricting the meaning of the term SDR to the ana-
log world, we refer to a transceiver whose key performances are defined by
software and which supports multistandard reception by tuning to any carrier
frequencyandbyselectinganychannelbandwidth(Abidi,2006). Inthefuture,
SDRmightbecomea“fulldigital”SoftwareRadio(SR)(Mitola,1995,1999)
wherethedigitizationisclosetotheantennaandmostoftheprocessingisper-
formed by a high-speed Digital Signal Processor (DSP). Though, at present,
the original SR idea is far ahead of state of the art, mainly because it would
demandunrealisticperformancefortheAnalogtoDigitalConverter(ADC).
WebelievethatafullyreconfigurableZero-IFarchitecturethatexploitsexten-
sivemigrationtowarddigitallyassistedanalogblocks(Craninckxetal.,2007)
isthebestcandidatetorealizeaSDRfrontendasithasthehighestpotentialto
reducecosts,size,andpower,evenunderflexibilityconstraints. Althoughthis
solutionitselfdoesnotallowsimultaneousreceptionofmorethanonechannel,
twoparallelfrontendsofthiskindwouldcovermostoftheuserneeds, while
stillallowingcostsavingcomparedtoparallelsingle-moderadios.
TheobjectiveofthisbookistodescribethetransitiontowardsaSDRfrom
theanalogdesignperspective. Mostoftheexistentfront-endarchitecturesare
exploredfromtheflexibilitypointofview. Acompleteoverviewoftheactual
state of the art for reconfigurable transceivers is given in detail, focusing on
thechallengesimposedbyflexibilityinanalogdesign. Asfarasthedesignof
adaptiveanalogcircuitsisconcerned,specificationslikebandwidth,gain,noise,