Barr's The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint

435 Pages·2013·21.12 MB·English

by  John Kiernan

BARR’S
The Human
Nervous System
An Anatomical Viewpoint
Tenth Edition

BARR’S
The Human
Nervous System
An Anatomical Viewpoint
Tenth Edition
John A. Kiernan, MB, ChB, PhD, DSc
Professor Emeritus
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
The University of Western Ontario
London, Canada
and
Nagalingam Rajakumar, MB, BS, PhD
Associate Professor
Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy and Cell Biology
The University of Western Ontario
London, Canada
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Tenth Edition
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9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kiernan, J. A. (John Alan)
Barr’s the human nervous system: an anatomical viewpoint/John A. Kiernan, MB, ChB, PhD, DSc,
professor, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada,
and Nagalingam Rajakumar, MB, BS, PhD, associate professor, Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy
and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.—Tenth edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4511-7327-7
1. Neuroanatomy. I. Barr, Murray Llewellyn, 1908-1995. II. Rajakumar, Nagalingam, 1957- III. Title.
IV. Title: Human nervous system.
QM451.B27 2014
611'.8—dc23
2012041508
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P r e f a c e
Murray Llewellyn Barr (1908 to 1995) obtained New to the Edition
his medical degree in 1933 from the Univer-
sity of Western Ontario in London, Canada, In this Tenth Edition, the improvement and
and after a few years in practice, he entered the changing of illustrations has continued, and
Department of Anatomy at the same institution. nearly all are now colored. The text and recom-
He studied and taught neuroanatomy there until mended readings have also been updated. R eaders
1978. This period of service was interrupted of this edition have access to the publisher’s
by the Second World War, when he served in Web site—www.lww.thepoint.com—which
the Medical Branch of the Royal Canadian Air includes a variety of additional materials. These
Force. In 1949, the direction of Barr’s research include labeled and unlabeled versions of all the
changed abruptly from neurohistology to cyto- illustrations for instructors, sample exam questions
genetics. With Ewart G. (“Mike”) Bertram, who and clinical cases, an extended glossary, and bio-
was then a graduate student, he had observed graphical information about researchers and phy-
an intranuclear inclusion in neurons of female sicians whose names are associated with anatomy,
animals. This was the sex chromatin, now widely physiology, and diseases of the nervous system.
known as the Barr body; its discovery was an early
landmark in the science of human cytogenetics. Acknowledgments
For this and his later work in the field, Murray
Barr received more than 30 awards and honors, An important feature in the production of the
including the Kennedy Foundation International Tenth Edition has been the publisher’s extensive
Award in Mental Retardation, Fellowship of the use of external reviewers. The book is undoubtedly
Royal Society of London, the Order of Canada, improved as a result of their recommendations and
and 7 honorary doctorates. comments, for which we thank them. It is a plea-
Although Barr’s research career was largely con- sure to acknowledge also the helpful advice given
cerned with the cytological diagnosis of inherited by present and former colleagues during the writ-
diseases, he continued to teach neuroanatomy. The ing of this and the five preceding editions: Drs. J.
first edition of this book, published in 1972, was Ronald Doucette, Jonathan Hore, Kost Elisevich,
one of the first medium-sized texts in its field. It Brian A. Flumerfelt, Elias B. Gammal, Alan W.
was written to make life easier for those approach- Hrycyshyn, Arthur J. Hudson, Peeyush K. Lala,
ing neuroscience for the first time, especially Peter Merrifield, D.G. Montemurro, David M.
medical students and those in the allied health sci- Pelz, David Ramsay, A. Jon Stoessl, Shannon
ences. This objective has not changed, although a Venance, Tutis Vilis, and Chris Watling. We
greater variety of students now study the subject. appreciate also the numerous insightful comments
Advances in the science necessitated much revi- of Professor Ronan O’Rahilly (Villars-sur-Glâne,
sion over the years, and the book became larger Switzerland), especially on matters of embryology
with successive editions. With the Eighth and and terminology.
Ninth Editions, this trend was reversed, result- The artwork for the first seven editions of
ing in a somewhat smaller book. The illustrations the book was prepared by local artists (Margaret
were enhanced, however, with more extensive use Corrin, Louise Gadbois, Jeannie Ross, and
of colors. Nancy Somerville) supervised by the authors.
v
vi Preface
For this and the previous edition, all the illus- Tenth Edition, and Jennifer Verbiar and Bridgett
trations were prepared in electronic form by the Dougherty, including Gordon Hammy Matchado
publisher’s art department, Jennifer Clements from Integra Software Services presided over pro-
and artist Kim Battista, working from older art- duction of the book. We thank all of them for
work and from our sketches. Among other staff their contributions.
at Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Crystal Taylor J. A. KIERNAN
arranged the reviewing and the contract for the N. RAJAKumAR
London, Canada
C o n t e n t s
PREfACE v
PART I: INTRoDuCTIoN AND NEuRohISTology
1 Development, Composition, and Evolution
of the Nervous System 3
2 Cells of the Nervous System 13
3 Peripheral Nervous System 35
4 Imaging Techniques and Neuroanatomical
Research methods 49
PART II: REgIoNAl ANAToMy of ThE CENTRAl
NERvouS SySTEM
5 Spinal Cord 63
6 Brain Stem: External Anatomy 81
7 Brain Stem: Nuclei and Tracts 89
8 Cranial Nerves 115
9 Reticular formation 143
10 Cerebellum 159
11 Diencephalon 175
12 Corpus Striatum 201
13 Topography of the Cerebral Hemispheres 213
14 Histology of the Cerebral Cortex 221
15 functional Localization in the Cerebral Cortex 229
16 Cerebral White matter and Lateral ventricles 247
17 Olfactory System 261
18 Limbic System: The Hippocampus and the Amygdala 269
PART III: REvIEW of ThE MAJoR SySTEMS
19 General Sensory Systems 285
20 visual System 305
vii
viii Contents
21 Auditory System 321
22 vestibular System 333
23 motor Systems 341
24 visceral Innervation 357
PART Iv: BlooD SuPPly AND ThE MENINgES
25 Blood Supply of the Central Nervous System 371
26 meninges and Cerebrospinal fluid 387
GLOSSARy Of NEuROANATOmICAL AND RELATED TERmS 399
INDEx 413