Barack Obama (DK Biography)

128 Pages·2009·44.01 MB·English

by  Stephen Krensky

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chapter 1
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The year 1961 saw a new president, John F. Kennedy,
moving into the White House. At 43, he was the
youngest person ever elected to that office. He was also the
first to be born in the 20th century. “Let the word go forth
from this time and place, to friend and foe alike,” Kennedy
said at his inauguration, “that the torch has been passed to
a new generation of Americans . . . unwilling to witness or
permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this
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and to which we are
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committed today at home
and around the world.” In the first part of the 20th
century, race relations in the
Among those rights was
United States were marked
supposed to be equality of
by inequality. The civil rights
all kinds—including racial movement was a dedicated effort
equality. The United States led by black leaders, particularly
from 1955 to 1965, to focus
had formally abolished
attention on racial inequalities
slavery almost 100 years
and institute meaningful
earlier after the end of the improvements. These efforts
Civil War. But banishing helped lead to the landmark Civil
Rights Act of 1964, which struck
slavery did not erase the
down legal racial segregation in
bigotry against African-
the United States.
Americans. It only changed
its name. Legal prejudice soon appeared in many state laws.
New rules proclaimed that people couldn’t vote if they were
poor or didn’t own any land. And who were these people
mostly? They were black—former slaves and their children
who could barely make ends meet.
The prejudice against African-Americans didn’t stop
with voting. Other laws specifically banned “colored"
people from certain hotels and restaurants. They were
prohibited from using public drinking fountains and
restrooms. Many professional jobs and occupations were
closed to them as well.
Was there opposition to these actions? Certainly. But
far too often, people, especially white people, looked away
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(cid:52)(cid:38)(cid:40)(cid:51)(cid:38)(cid:40)(cid:34)(cid:53)(cid:42)(cid:48)(cid:47) rather than confront these
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of the country, a black person
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complained too loudly, might just disappear in the middle of
the night and never be heard from again.
Progress, when it came, was slow, painful, and
sometimes dangerous. As late as 1955, an African-
American secretary named Rosa Parks was arrested in
Montgomery, Alabama. What was her crime? She had
refused to give up her seat on a bus so that a white
passenger could sit down. This one act led to a series
of protests, and finally to some long-overdue changes.
Still, in the same year President Kennedy took office,
violence erupted on public buses as riders tested new anti-
segregation laws. One bus carrying black and white riders
was firebombed in Alabama. Elsewhere in the South, angry
mobs attacked civil rights activists who insisted on crossing
long-established social and cultural lines. While the
Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a national black leader
of the civil rights movement, preached change through
peaceful resistance, not everyone shared his views.
Far away from all this turmoil, a baby was born in
Honolulu, on the
“Now is the time to
Hawaiian island of
make justice a reality.”
Oahu. The date was
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name he was given was
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the same as his father’s—
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Barack Hussein Obama.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was
That baby Barack was
an inspirational leader in the
born at all was somewhat
fight for civil rights during the
1950s and 1960s. He was known unlikely. His father, Barack
for using civil disobedience— Sr., was a young African
nonviolent demonstrations—to
man from Kenya attending
draw attention to the cause. His
the University of Hawaii.
famous “I Have a Dream” speech
was given in Washington on The baby’s mother, Ann,
August 28, 1963, in front of the was another student at the
Lincoln Memorial. Its theme was
university, whose family
hope for a time when blacks and
lived in Honolulu.
whites would live in harmony.
Barack Obama, Sr., had
been born in 1936. He
grew up in Kenya in a small
village near Lake Victoria.
His own father came from
a family of prominent
farmers. Barack had spent
his boyhood going to the
local schools and tending
his father’s goats in his spare time. His intelligence impressed
his family and teachers early on, and he was encouraged to
pursue his studies in the Kenyan capital of Nairobi. Along
the way, he got married in a tribal ceremony at the age of 18
and had two children with his first wife, Kezia.
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