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International Political Economy Series General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor of Political Science and International Development Studies, and Director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Titles include: Pradeep Agrawal, Subir V. Gokarn, Veena Mishra, Kirit S. Parikh and Kunal Sen POLICY REGIMES AND INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS A Comparative Study of East Asia and India Roderic Alley THE UNITED NATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC Dick Beason and Jason James THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF JAPANESE FINANCIAL MARKETS Myths versus Reality Mark Beeson COMPETING CAPITALISMS Australia, Japan and Economic Competition in Asia-Pacific Deborah Bräutigam CHINESE AID AND AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT Exporting Green Revolution Steve Chan, Cal Clark and Danny Lam (editors) BEYOND THE DEVELOPMENTAL STATE East Asia’s Political Economies Reconsidered Dong-Sook Shin Gills RURAL WOMEN AND TRIPLE EXPLOITATION IN KOREAN DEVELOPMENT Jeffrey Henderson (editor) INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION IN EASTERN EUROPE IN THE LIGHT OF THE EAST ASIAN EXPERIENCE Pierre P. 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Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Bangladesh, India and Pakistan International Relations and Regional Tensions in South Asia Kathryn Jacques School of Classics, History and Religion University of New England, Armidale New South Wales Australia First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-41125-2 ISBN 978-0-333-98248-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780333982488 First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-22386-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jacques, Kathryn, 1957– Bangladesh, India and Pakistan : international relations and regional tensions in South Asia / Kathryn Jacques. p. cm. — (International political economy series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-22386-1 (cloth) 1. Bangladesh—Foreign relations—India. 2. India—Foreign relations—Bangladesh. 3. Bangladesh—Foreign relations—Pakistan. 4. Pakistan—Foreign relations—Bangladesh. 5. South Asia—Politics and government. I. Title. II.Series. DS394.73.I4J33 1999 327.5491054—dc21 99–33849 CIP ©Kathryn Jacques 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-74824-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Contents List of Maps, Figures and Tables vi Chronology vii Preface and Acknowledgements ix List of Abbreviations x Part I Overview 1 1 General Influences on Bangladesh's Foreign Policy 3 Part II Regional Influences on Bangladesh–India Relations, 1975–90 25 2 1975–81: Indo–Pakistani Rivalry and Indian Party Politics 27 3 1982–4: A New Beginning or the Darkest Hour? 57 4 1985–90: The ‘New Era’ of Regional Amity and Cooperation 79 Part III Domestic Influences on Bangladesh–India Relations, 1975–90 97 5 1975–81: Military Ascendancy in Bangladesh 99 6 1982–90: Political Manoeuvres and Ethnic Violence 123 Part IV Bangladesh–Pakistan Relations, 1975–90 143 7 1975–81: Catalysts and Convergences of Interest 145 8 1982–90: A Maturing of Relations? 162 Conclusion 173 Notes and References 179 Bibliography 216 Index 237 v List of Maps, Figures and Tables Maps 1 South Asia, 1998 xi 2 Bangladesh, 1975 xii 3 Location of the Farakka Barrage 36 4 The Tin Bigha Corridor 44 5 Location of Muhuri Char 46 6 Location of New Moore Island 50 7 The Three Rivers development proposals, 1978 and 1983 65 8 The CHT 130 Figures 1 Plan of the Farakka Barrage 37 2 Bangladeshi and Indian proposals in the Haribhanga River dispute 51 Tables 1.1 Statistical comparison between Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, 1995 8 5.1 Bangladesh’s imports from and exports to India, 1973–81 116 6.1 Population growth in the CHT, 1950–91 133 vi Chronology 1971 December Creation of independent Bangladesh. 1975 August 15 Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Khondakar Mushtaque Ahmad became President. November Short-lived insurrection led by Khalid Musharraf. Ziaur Rahman (Zia) emerged as the key political figure in Bangladesh. 1976 November Zia became Chief Martial Law Administrator. 1977 April 21 Zia took over Presidency of Bangladesh from A.S.M. Sayem. (Zia kept position of CMLA and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces.) May 30 Zia held a Referendum on his continuance in office. July 5 Zia ul-Haq took over leadership of Pakistan from Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. November 5 Five-year agreement signed between Bangladesh and India over the Farakka Barrage. 1978 June 3 Abdus Sattar was elected as Vice-President. 1979 February 18 Parliamentary Election gave Zia’s party 207 of 300 seats. April 15–17 Indian Prime Minister, Morarji Desai, visited Bangladesh. July India’s Desai Government collapsed. Novermber 4 Armed conflict in dispute between India and Bangladesh over the Muhuri Char border. 1980 May Zia first proposed a South Asian forum (to become the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)). August India Foreign Minister, Narasimha Rao visited Dhaka for talks. vii viii Chronology 1981 May 9 India landed troops on New Moore/South Talpatty Island. May 30 Zia was assassinated in Chittagong. November 15 Abdus Sattar was elected as President. 1982 March 24 Abdus Sattar was overthrown in a military coup led by Hussain Muhammad Ershad. October 6–8 Talks between Ershad and Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi in New Delhi. December 6–10 14th Islamic Foreign Ministers’ Conference held in Dhaka. 1983 December 11 Ershad assumed the Presidency of Bangladesh. 1984 April Indo–Bangladesh clashes over border. May 31 Indo–Bangladesh accord signed on sharing the Ganges. October 31 Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi assassinated. 1985 March 21 Ershad called for a referendum to seek legitimacy. December 7–8 First SAARC Summit held in Dhaka. 1986 May 50,000 Chakma refugees fled from the Chittagong Hill Tracts into India’s northeast. May 7 Parliamentary election gave Ershad’s party, the Jatiyo Dal, a slight majority. The Awami League and allies won about one third of the seats. 1988 March 3 Ershad’s party won 250 out of 300 seats in Parliamentary elections. August Severe flooding in Bangladesh. August 17 Pakistan leader Zia ul-Haq died in a plane crash. 1990 December 12 Ershad and his wife arrested. Preface and Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr Denis Wright for his invaluable assistance regarding the content and structure of the book and for his generous encouragement and support. I am also much indebted to Professor Peter Reeves, Associate Professor Jim Masselos and Dr Habib Zafarullah for their perceptive and encouraging scholarly advice. I would also like to make special mention of Associate Professor Jack Hobbs for his inspiring and enthusiastic assistance with all aspects of the book, and for giving me the benefit of the different perspective of a geo- grapher. For his unstinting encouragement and proof-reading assistance, I offer warm thanks to Kris Jacques. I would also like to express my gratitude to the History Department, Uni- versity of New England, for providing me with the facilities to assist in undertaking my research. Grateful acknowledgement is also made to the following for their valued advice and encouragement: Associate Professor Howard Brasted; Dr I. Bruce Watson; Professor Sinnappah Arasaratnam; Professor Carl Bridge; Associate Professor Geoff Quaife; DrKim Lawes; Nafis Ahmed; Dr Emdadul Haque; Staff of the Dixson Library, Uni- versity of New England; Sally McFarlane; Madeleine Hyson; Corinne Buck- land; Gloria Obbens; Trish Cluley; Elizabeth Richards; Janice Lord; Associate Professor David Kent; Associate Professor Amarjit Kaur; Professor Alan Atkin- son; Dr Jo Woolmington; Associate Professor Miriam Dixson; Gail Binnie; Kev Condon; Professor Robin Jeffrey; Melva and Alf Crawley; and Mike Roach. KATHRYN JACQUES ix

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