Bananas : cultivation, consumption and crop diseases

145 Pages·2016·3.644 MB·English

by  Pearson, Valerie A.

AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES

B
ANANAS

C , C
ULTIVATION ONSUMPTION AND
C D
ROP ISEASES

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A I P
GRICULTURE SSUES AND OLICIES

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AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES

B
ANANAS

C , C
ULTIVATION ONSUMPTION AND
C D
ROP ISEASES

VALERIE A. PEARSON
EDITOR

New York
Copyright © 2016 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Pearson, Valerie A., editor.
Title: Bananas : cultivation, consumption and crop diseases / editor: Valerie A. Pearson.
Other titles: Agriculture issues and policies series.
Description: Hauppauge, New York : Nova Science Publishers, [2016] | Series: Agriculture issues and policies |
Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016021564 (print) | LCCN 2016023088 (ebook) | ISBN 9781634854184 (softcover) |
ISBN 9781634854290 ()
Subjects: LCSH: Bananas.
Classification: LCC SB379.B2 B3494 2016 (print) | LCC SB379.B2 (ebook) | DDC 634/.772--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016021564

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter 1 Musa spp. - Functional Properties, Biofortification,
and Bioavailability 1
C. V. Borges and M. Maraschin
Chapter 2 Chemical Composition and Bioactive Compounds in
Bananas and Postharvest Alterations 27
Raquel P. F. Guiné and Daniela V. T. A. Costa
Chapter 3 Sustainable Management of Banana Waste through
Renewable Energy and Bio-Fertilizer Generation 69
Chao Li, Ivo Achu Nges, Jun Fang and Jing Liu
Chapter 4 Banana Pseudostem Sap: An Important Agro-Waste
for Diversified Applications Including Textile 91
S. Basak, S. K. Chattopadhyay and
Kartick K. Samanta
Chapter 5 Banana as a Food Allergen Source 107
Jasna Nikolić, Milica Popović and
Marija Gavrović-Jankulović
Index 127

PREFACE

Bananas arise as one of the most popular fruits consumed all around the
world. Banana belongs to the genus Musa from the family Musaceae. It is
original from tropical regions and presents a strong ability to protect itself
from the oxidative stress caused by extreme climatic conditions such as
intense sunshine and high temperature. For this protection, bananas increase
the production of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, which protect
the fruit from the oxidative damage. This book provides current research
on the cultivation, consumption and crop diseases of bananas. Chapter
One addresses the biochemical characterization of Musa spp. genotypes,
with emphasis on bioactive secondary metabolites of interest to human
nutrition. Chapter Two focuses on the composition of bananas, including
macronutrients, micronutrients and bioactive compounds, as well as the effect
of postharvest treatments and storage conditions in the quality of bananas.
Chapter Three reviews sustainable management of banana waste through
renewable energy and bio-fertilizer generation. Chapter Four reviews some
of the recently reported valuable uses of banana pseudstem sap (BPS), for
growth of sustainable agricultural process, food technology and value-added
medicinal products, and in textiles for improving certain functional attributes.
The final chapter examines banana as an important food allergen source.
Chapter 1 - Studies towards the identification and use of Musa spp.
genotypes with functional properties have been conducted in connection
with genetic breeding programs aiming at the optimization of nutritional
characteristics of the fruit for mitigating certain pathophysiologies such as
hypovitaminosis A. The results indicate the existence of an important
chemodiversity associated with the genotypes of Musa spp, with substantial
amounts of bioactive compounds in accessions non-cultivated extensively,
viii Valerie A. Pearson
compared to the commercially available cultivars. WHO (World Health
Organization) data indicate hypovitaminosis A as a major nutritional problem
in developing countries. To this end, metabolomic studies of Musa spp. fruit
are of importance for the selection of genotypes with higher bioactive
contents, e.g., pro-vitamin A carotenoids, as a strategy for biofortified
cultivars development, with virtual application in programs of eradication of
nutritional needs of less-favored socio-economical populations. In this context,
this review addresses the biochemical characterization of Musa spp.
genotypes, with emphasis on bioactive secondary metabolites of interest to
human nutrition. In addition, the bioavailability of pro-vitamin A activity
compounds of banana fruits is reviewed, in association with the use of those
biomasses in programs to overcome nutritional deficits of that vitamin and its
clinical complications.
Chapter 2 - Bananas arise as one of the most popular fruits consumed all
around the world. Banana belongs to the genus Musa from the family
Musaceae. It is original from tropical regions and presents a strong ability to
protect itself from the oxidative stress caused by extreme climatic conditions
such as intense sunshine and high temperature. For this protection, bananas
increase the production of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity,
which protect the fruit from the oxidative damage.
Scientific studies have demonstrated that bananas (both in the pulp and
peel) contain different antioxidant compounds, like vitamins (A, B, C and E),
β-carotene and phenolic compounds (catechin, epicatechin, lignin, tannins,
anthocyanins). Furthermore, banana is also notably rich in minerals, like
potassium and phosphorus.
The knowledge about the chemical composition and the contents in
compounds with biological activity is of high interest given the importance of
bananas as a valuable food all over the world. However, because bananas are
perishable due to some factors like chemical reactions, including those that
result in the production of ethylene, their postharvest conservation in pivotal
for the commercialization. The effects of postharvest treatments and storage
conditions on the composition of bananas are, therefore, essential.
In this way, the present chapter focus on the composition of bananas,
including macronutrients, micronutrients and bioactive compounds, as well as
the effect of postharvest treatments and storage conditions in the quality of
bananas.
Chapter 3 - Bananas are widely consumed fruits with over 140 metric tons
produced annually. As much as 336 metric tons of banana pseudo-stems,
sheaths, piths, peels and leaves are produced annually. These wastes are
Preface ix
usually discarded via composting, aerobic decomposition, incinerated or
simply allowed to rot in the fields. However, these treatments may cause
serious environmental and ecological problems.
Meantime, banana wastes are high in organic content that can be
converted to a renewable energy. Renewable energy generation technologies
such anaerobic digestion (AD), dark fermentation and ethanol fermentation are
commonly reported in scientific literature. This chapter deals with the usability
of banana waste as feedstock for bio-energy (in the form of biogas bio-
hydrogen and bio-ethanol) production and various pre-treatments commonly
applied prior to these processes.
AD process is a four-step sequential process whereby bacteria and
Archaea break organic matter in the absence of oxygen to produce a mixture
of gases (biogas), amongst them energy-rich methane. The generated biogas
can be upgraded to bio-methane that can be a substitute for natural gas. The
AD process is widely recognized as a promising, robust, low-cost technique
for treatment of various organic wastes streams with or without pre-treatment.
AD is also easy to perform and the residue from the process called digestate
can be used as a bio-fertilizer. Banana residues may become a feedstock of
choice in the AD process because of its low lignin content and high
biodegradability.
There are several bacteria with a potential for hydrogen production
through dark fermentation. In recent years, extreme thermophilic bacteria
Caldicellulosiruptor sp. have emerged as bacteria of choice for hydrogen
production because of high rates and high yields. For banana residues to be
used as feedstock for hydrogen production through dark fermentation it must
be pre-treated to release organic acids such as acetic and butyric acids, which
are preferred substrates for Caldicellulosiruptor sp. Pre-treatments to yield
simple sugars such as glucose and sucrose can also be employed when a mixed
culture is used as the seed for hydrogen production.
Various types of yeast have been used for ethanol production from
glucose (6 carbons), xylose (5 carbons) or both. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a
model eukaryotic organism, often used in such research because it is easy to
manipulate and culture, and is comparatively similar in structure to human
cells. As with dark fermentation, there is a need for a pre-treatment before one
can use banana residues for ethanol fermentation as the yeast can only use
reduced organic forms such as glucose and xylose.
There is also the possible of combined hydrogen or combined ethanol and
biogas production thereby maximizing energy yields and producing a valuable