Table Of Content

IV v CONTENTS PART ONE .- THE BAMBOO PLANT 16 -The influence of the culm age Determination of the culm age 17 Culm branches 1 THE PLANT The leaves 18 Types of culm sheaths or culm leaves 2 What is bamboo Culm sheath (Culm leaf) Paleobotan 19 Anatomy of bamboo culm Etymology The epidermis Herbaceous and woody bamboos The inner layer of the culm wall The woody plants -Classification . The Fibro·vascular area 3 Bamboos and trees from tropical and temperate Parenchyma zones Vascular bundles 4 Bamboo Morphology and physiology 21 Anatomical characterization of the vascular Parts of the plant bundle The Rhizome 22 Types of Vascular bundles Types of bamboos 23 Fibers Leptomorph Rhizome Relationship between the fiber lengths 5 Rhizome System of Leptomorph type in the internode 6 Direction which the leptomorph rhizome ta takes when it starts its growth 2 BAMBOO FLOWERING Pachymorph Rhizome 8 Metamorph Rhizome The Culm 25 Types of flowerings Formation and growing of the culm base 1) Sporadic or irregular flowering and culm shoot in species with leptomorph 2) Gregarious flowering rhizomes. 26 The flower Growing process of the culm shoot in species The fruit with Leptomorph and Pachymorph Rhizomes. Problems caused by gregarious flowering 10 Daily growth of the culm shoot 27 The importance of the life cycles 11 Characteristics of the culm Is it possible to predict the gregarious flower Nodal and internodal morphology flowering? Nodes -Internodes 28 Dates of gregarious flowerings and life cycles Color of the culms of some species from Asia and the Americas 12 Natural culm forms 29 Gregarious flowerings in the Americas The natural square bamboo from China Gregarious flowering of Bambusa arundinacea Internodes with the shape of bottles in India, Puerto Rico, Panama and Colombia Triangular 30 Gregarious flowering of Bambusa arundina- Flat culms cea in Colombia Freak culms 31 Gregarious flowering of Guadua angustifolia in Turtle shell bamboo South America in 1977-78 Budda's face bamboo Gregarious flowering of Guadua amplexifolia Spiral bamboo The abnormality of the internodes 3 TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION 14 Abnormality in culms of Guadua Angustifolia OF BAMBOOS IN THE WORLD Mathematical relationships of the culm Identification of bamboo species by mathema- tical relationship 32 Distribution of bamboos in the World 15 Aproximate mathematical determination of the Distribution in the Americas Aaia . Oceania culm height and Africa Approximate dimensions of some giant bamboos 33 Original distribution of bamboos in the world of Genus Guadua at the time of Columbus' arri- Genera of bamboos native to the Americas val in the Americas in 1502 34 Genera of bamboos native to Asia, Oceania The huge dimensions of giant bamboos in and Afric ancient China 35 The Classification of woody bamboo genera CONTENTS Vii vi CONTENTS 80 Parts of the culm which have the lowest and bamboo 36 The most important species of Asia and the Artificial induction of flowering highest strength Effect of microwave treatment on the green color Americas. 61 Bamboo Hybridization The extraordinary tensile strength of vascular conservation and durability of bamboo The most important species of genus Guadua Crossbreeding different bamboo species and bundles Treatment with inorganiC salts in the Americas genera 81 Axial and transversal bamboo structure Treatment developed in Japan for the preservation- 37 The three most important native species of genus Crossbreeding between bamboo and rice 82 The mechanical properties of each of the of bamboo's greenness Guadua in Colombia (Oriza sativa) internodes vary along the culm Gluing of bamboo surfaces 38 The encounter of Columbus with the giant species 62 Management of bamboo stands 83 The ability of bamboo cells to generate electrical 110 Bamboo laquer ware of the Americas 63 Cultivation of bamboo shoots signals when stressed and the influence of their 111 Preparation of strips and round sticks by hand 40 - Species of genus Guadua that still have not been Fertilizer application electrical properties in the modeling and remode- 112 Bamboo processing machinery identified Irrigation ling of their hard tissue 114 Manufacture of bamboo weaving and baskets 41 Original distribution of the giant species of Harvest season Mechano sensing system and adaptive modeling Bamboo weaving genus Guadua in the Americas 64 Types of commercial bamboo shoots of bamboo. 115 Square weaving -Yotsume-Ami 42 Destruction of the giant bamboo species of genus Storage and preserving of shoots 85 Evaluation of the tensile strength of the culm wall 116 Hexagon weaving-Mutsume Ami Guadua in Latin America 65 The bamboo shoot cannery technique The basic principle for the evaluation of the 119 Ajiro weaving 44 The destruction of the giant native species from 5 mechanical properties of bamboo 124 Bottom weaving Mexico to Ecuador PESTS AND DISEASES IN LIVING 86 Radial distribution of tensile strength in the wall 125 Border weaving 46 Consequences of the aversion and ignorance AND FELLED BAMBOOS 87 Tension tests of culms 129 Some of the many applications of bamboo baskets which exist in our countries towards the giant 88 Compression strength parallel to the grain 131 Some applications of woven boards native species 65 Decay fungi and insects which attack living Testing of bamboo to compression 132 Manufacture of a creche 48 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and the identifi- bamboos 89 Testing in compresion sections of 1-2 and 3 134 Bamboo culm-base carving cation of species Decay fungi in living bamboos meters long 135 Bamboo internode relief sculpture What is DNA? Decorative fungus 91 Bending strength 136 Bamboo furniture Chromosome number in bamboo Insects in living bamboos 92 Shear strength- Impact tests Types of jOints used in the manufacture of furniture Fingerprints of bamboo 49 Estimation of DNA content of some bamboos 67 Decay fungi and insects which attack felled 93 Suggested specimens for testing mechanical 137 Somes types of chairs-tables bamboos properties of bamboo 138 Bending or straightening of giant bamboo culms 4 BAMBOO ECOLOGY - SILVI CUTURE Decay fungi 94 How to upgrade the bamboo mechanical proper- with fire Insects ties (reformed bamboo) 139 Bending of small diameter bamboos with fire Termites General structure and properties of bamboo 50 Environmental conditions for bamboo growth Borers 95 Manufacture of reformed bamboo Latitud and altitud 69 Plagues The structure of reformed bamboo Temperature 96 Mechanical properties of reformed bamboo PART 4 - BAMBOO TREATMENTS Rainfall 97 Disadvantages of reformed bamboo PART 2 - BAMBOO PROPERTIES AGAINST INSECTS AND FUNGI 51 Soils 98 Chemical properties Topography Chemistry of bamboo shoots and culms The influence of tree species in the development 6 PHYSICAL - MECHANICAL AND 8 Hemicelluloses RULES FOR IMPROVING THE NA- of bamboo in mixed forests (biotic factor) CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 99 Lignin 52 Above ground biomass of bamboo stands TURAL DURABILITY OF BAMBOOS The main chemical elements entering into the 53 Bamboo propagation methods composition of bamboo culms Nursery land selection and preparation 72 Physical properties Afforestation land preparation Density -Specific gravity Cellulose and hemicellulose 142 The durability of some species Propagation methods Moisture content 100 Preparation of Materials 143 Rules for felling bamboos for construction and Cellulose Propagation by seeds (Sexual propagation) 73 Equilibrium moisture content (E.M.C.) other uses Asexual propagation of leptomorph Fiber saturation point (F.S.P.) Pentosans 144 Uses of bamboo culms according to their age (monopodial) bamboos in areas with very cold Shrinkage Alcohol extract in the clump winters 74 Splitting Lignin 145 The moon and its effect on felling bamboos 54 Methods for propagation of Leptomorph bambo Thermal conductivity 103 Culm chemical composition with reference to the 146 Physical and chemical treatments against By rhizome cutting Hardness culm age insects and decay fungi Propagation by culm base with rhizome and roots 75 The bamboo that survived the radiation of an Physical Treatments (curing) 55 By the culm (with some branches) rhizome atomic bomb PART 3 - BAMBOO HANDICRAFTS Curing in the clump and roots 76 The influence of bamboo physical properties on Curing by immersion Methods for propagation of pachymorph bamboo the acoustical quality of the sound field in a 147 Curing with heat Propagation by rhizome cuttings bamboo forest 7 MANUFACTURE OF BAMBOO Curing by smoking Rhizome with part of the culm and lower branches 77 Mechanical properties of the culm WARES Curing with mud Rhizome without culm 78 Differences between wood and bamboo Curing in beach sand 56 Propagation by culm cuttings 79 The main factors which we have to keep in mind Curing by sea-water supernatans 57 Propagation by branch cuttings for studying the mechanical properties of the culm 106 Preliminary treatments Protection by white washing Propagation by layering The Climate Resin or oil extraction 148 Chemical treatments 58 Propagation by tissue culture The Topography 107 Dyeing of bamboo What we have to know before treating bamboo with The principal methods of propagation The Soil chemicals 59 Techniques of micropropagation The Altitude above sea level 108 Painting of bamboo Methods for treating bamboos with chemicals 60 Tissue culture propagation of Dendroca/amus The Influence of the culm's age 109 The smoke finishing of bamboo products Temporary or prophylactic treatment of bamboo strictus. Conservation of the characteristic green color of 149 Long term chemical treatments -Stepping method viii CONTENTS CONTENTS ix ; Open tank method Preparation of the composite and the tests sped 196 Manufacture of laminated bamboo plastic 225 How to avoid the crushing of horizontal members Hot and cold process for the treatment of mens - Results veneer 226 Types of joints used in bamboo construction bamboo boards and split bamboo Bamboo fiber-reinforced polypropilene (PP) com- 197 Glued laminated bamboo pieces made with Manufacture of the main types of joints 150 Boucherie method for the treatment of round posites bamboo boards 227 Joints of horizontal and vertical members green bamboos 170 Grafting procedures 198 Bamboo in the field of biomimetics 228 Fixing horizontal and vertical members with pins Modified Boucherie method using pneumatic Preparation of BFRP composites What is biomimetics and bolts pressure Molding procedures Composites imitating bamboo 229 Double and quadruple beams-supports 152 Pressure treatment Charpy impact test 230 Horizontal joints (not for structural members) The effect of steam treatment and pressure Results and discussion 11 CEMENT-BASED COMPOSITES 231 Horizontal splicing (not for structural members treatment 171 Interfacial adhesion of BFRP composites REINFORCED WITH BAMBOO Prevention and control of fungal attack on bas- Effect on bamboo fiber sizes 13 HOUSE CONSTRUCTION - FIBERS kets and handicrafts made of bamboo Comparison to commercial wood pulp composite FOOTINGS 153 Seasoning or drying of bamboo 172 Reformed bamboo/aluminium alloy composite Air drying Manufacturing technique 199 Natural fibers used as reinforcement Kiln drying Properties of reformed bamboo/aluminium com- 200 Bamboo fiber cement composites 232 Footing types posite-Conclusions 201 Cement mortar boards reinforced with bamboo 233 Footings for different types of grounds Impact properties pulp 234 Foundation and bamboo substructure on sloping PART 5 - MANUFACTURE OF SIN- 174 Reformed bamboo/glass fabric/aluminium Bamboo wool-cement board ground GLE AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS composite Air-cured bamboo pulp reinforced cement 235 Bamboo substructure of elevated floors Manufacture of reformed bamboo/glass fabriC/ 202 Cement mortar reinforcedwith bamboo DERIVED FROM BAMBOO aluminium (RBIGF/AI) (Bamboo-cement) 14 BAMBOO WALLS Mechanical properties of RB/GF/AL The ferrocement story 9 MANUFACTURE OF SINGLE 175 Hygroscopic properties 203 -Manufacture of small tanks and toilets with 236 Quincha" Wall-Peru 176 Bamboo based panels Bamboo-cement 237 Peru -Bamboo architecture with "quincha" BAMBOO MATERIALS Types of bamboo based products 204 -Manufacture of large water tanks with bam- 238 Ecuador-Ancient and present bamboo architec 177 Plybamboo-types boo-cement 239 Crammed wall with clay -Colombia 156 Manufacture of channels, splints and strips Non structural plybamboo 205 -Manufacture of panels reinforced with bam- 240 Bahareque wall with double bamboo board of the culm 178 Structural plybamboo panels boo mesh Colombia 157 Manufacture of bamboo boards Colombian structural plybamboo panel Manufacture of prefabricated slabs 241 Cross section of a double bamboo board wall 158 Rotary and sliced bamboo veneers 179 Manufacture 206 Concrete reinforced with bamboo 242 Tendinous wall-India -Colombia Rotary veneer 180 Plybamboo with wood core Methods used for reinforcement of concrete 243 Woven bamboo boards for walls and windows Sliced veneer 181 Structural plybamboo manufactured in with bamboo 244 Bamboo mat board for walls, doors and windows- Sawed veneer China 208 Summary of conclusions from results of tests Asia 159 Internodal bamboo veneer taken from the Chinese plybamboo on bamboo reinforced concrete beams carried 245 Japanese bamboo wall Production process out by H. E. Glenn (1944) surface part of the culm wall-Manufacture 160 Applications of the surface bamboo veneer 182 Laminated curtain bamboo board (with resin 210 Design and construction principles recomen- 15 ROOF STRUCTURES impregnated paper) ded by Glenn (1950) for bamboo concrete. Manufacture of plates and boxe 161 Intemodal bamboo veneer taken from the 183 Bamboo particle board 211 Problems caused by the use of splints and internal part of the culm wall 184 Bamboo fiberboard small diameter culms as reinforcement in con 246 Light roof truss Manufacturing methods and uses Woven plybamboo board crete 247 Bamboo light truss with rafters Bamboo mat board 213 Concrete reinforced with bamboo cables 248 Fastenings of purlins and rafters 10 Manufacture process 214 Manufacture of bamboo cables for reinforcing 249 Bamboo rigid frame MANUFACTURE OF BAMBOO 185 Surface treatment of bamboo mats (plastifying) concrete 250 Construction of peak roofs with spanish tile COMPOSITE MATERIALS Corrugated bamboo matboard 215 Manufacture of bamboo stirrups (Colombia) Bamboo curtain board 216 Beams and slab foundation reinforced with 251 Peak roofs with ceiling and spanish tile- 186 Bamboo mat and bamboo fiber mat used bamboo cables (Colombia) 163 What are composite materials Structural advantages of natural bamboo as reinforcement of epoxy resin 217 Culms and bamboo boxes used as voids. In 252 Hip roofs with corbels-(Colombia) 188 Impact test specimen the construction of concrete slabs in buildings 253 Hip roofs with ceiling and spanish tile- composites 189 Glued laminated bamboo for the manufacture Culms sections used as voids in Colombia (Colombia) 164 Analysis of the bamboo internode of ski poles and fishing rods 218 Bamboo boxes used as voids in Colombia 254 Details of joints on storehouse roofs Extraction of bamboo fibers and their use as Manufacture of ski poles 219 BUilding concrete slabs with bamboo boxes 255 Bamboo and grain stalk thatched roofs reinforcement in composite materials 190 Manufacture of glued laminated bamboo for 220 Culms used as joists in concrete floors 256 Bamboo and palm leaf thatched roof Delignification structural, furniture and floor uses 221 Culms used as joists supporting concrete slab 257 Roof type "A" for a small house 165 Mechanical techniques for fiber separation Manufacture of glued laminated bamboo in 258 Roof type "A" for a small coffee beam Composite preparation Colombia treatment plant Fiber and composite testing PART 6 - BAMBOO CONSTRUC - 191 Details of bamboo glued laminated pieces 259 Construction of the roof 166 Results and discussion 167 Epoxy coated bamboo fiber 192 Glued laminated bamboo furniture in Colombia TION TECHNOLOGIES 261 Roof covered with half sections of bamboo 168 Experimental study of unidirectional bamboo- 193 Manufacture of bamboo laminated turned pieces culms 194 Manufacture of glued laminated bamboo in China 263 Roof covered with bamboo shingle tiles epoxy laminate Manufacture of laminated bamboo flooring 12 SOME BASIC RULES FOR 169 Chemical resistance and tensile properties of short bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy com 195 Bamboo laminated floor tiles and plates USING BAMBOO IN CONSTRUC posites TION x CONTENTS CONTENTS xi 16 PREFABRICATION OF BAMBOO Mosque built with tied laminated bamboo- 19 STRUCTURES GENERATED BY 379 Plastering of the bamboo walls. with HOUSES 306 Construction details NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL DE- cement-mortar 307 How to build tied bamboo laminated arches 380 The first bamboo housing project in Manizales 308 Glue laminated bamboo beams and arches FORMATION OF LIVING CULMS 381 House plan and distribution 264 Experimentat program of prefabricated houses 309 Glue laminated bamboo arches with 382 Longitudinal sections in Ecuador 2 or 3 articulations 347 Structures generated by the flexibility of the 383 The largest structures built by Colombian 266 Housing program 310 Bamboo composite beams ("I" and "Box" culm architects. 267 Types of forms used in the prefabrication bamboo beams) 348 Natural longitudinal deformations of culms The bamboo roof of Carlos Vergara of walls Ply bamboo web beams with bamboo laminated 349 Artificial longitudinal deformation and its applica- 384 Perspective and plan of the structure 268 Larger forms used in the prefabrication flanges tlion in the construction of three hinged arches 385 The latest bamboo roof structures of Simon Velez of the walls 311 "I" and "Box" bamboo beams structures 386 The bamboo roof structure in Ecuador 387 269 Fixing the studs inside the forms 312 Construction of floors and roofs with "\" 350 Process of deformation of longitudinal arches 388 The circular bamboo roof of Zeri Pavilion 270 Furring the panel with bamboo boards and "Box" beams 351 Types of arches which can be made by 389 The Zeri Pavillion- Roof details 271 Construction of the slab foundation 313 Construction of rigid frames with "I" deforming culms 390 Cross section and construction details 272 Plan and prefabricated walls of type I house and "Box" beams 352 Experiment for making a bamboo Warren truss 391 Roof construction details developed by S. Velez 273 Assembling of the type I house 314 Conical thatching bamboo roofs Application of deformation 392 Tensile tests of bamboo roof joints 274 Plan and cross sections of type II house Conical roof with tension ring 353 How to make square and rectangular bamboos 393 Conclusions of the tests carried out by 275 Assembling of the type II house 315 Conical thatching roof with radial tension cables 354 Manufacture and placement of the forms Garzon & Diaz 279 Improvement of dwellings & housing prefa- 317 Bamboo conical roof supported by a concrete 355 Removing the forms and painting the culm Recommendations in the use of internodes briication program in Costa Rica. structure with cement mortar (by O. Hidalgo) Improvement of dwellings in poor areas 318 The bamboo domes of Y. Friedman & E. Schaur 20 THE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE 280 Prefabrication of bamboo houses in Costa Rica Construction of domes with bamboo slats 22 TRADITIONAL BAMBOO 282 Prefabrication of bamboo houses in Colombia 319 Types of domes built with bamboo slats FORCES ON BAMBOO BUILDINGS 283 Prefabrication of houses in the town "EI Penol" 324 Construction of roofs with bamboo slat rings ARCHITECTURE IN ASIA 284 Prefabricated piramidal bamboo cupolas-Peru (Y. Friedman) 356 The basic structural components Roofs made with bamboo slats rings 357 Design of small bamboo houses in earthquake 395 Was the Homo erectus the first architect in PART 7- CONSTRUCTION OF BAM- 327 The woven bamboo conical dome (Africa) zones China? BOO STRUCTURES The woven bamboo conical dome used The foundation 396 Was the first man engendered by a as housing 359 Construction mistakes in bamboo structures bamboo culm? 328 Double layer bamboo space structure 360 Inappropriate structures for earthquake zones 397 Evolution of primitive conical timber and bamboo 17 CONSTRUCTION OF BAMBOO Construction 361 Some construction details recommended as japanese roofs 329 Construction of joints earthquake-proof 399 The use of bamboo scissors in primitive houses SCAFFOLDINGS (KNOT-TYING) 330 Construction of joints using a metal cone 362 The use of bamboo as reinforcement of adobe 400 Evolution of bamboo conical roofs in South 331 Not recommended joints walls in earthquake zones East Asia 286 Small bamboo scaffolding -Colombia 332 -Bamboo laminated geodesic dome PlaCing of vertical reinforcement 402 Bamboo roofs in South East Asia and the 287 Types of knots used in the construction of sca- Dome construction 363 PlaCing of horizontal reinforcement influence of boats on their architecture ffoldings 333 Geodesic geometry 403 Bamboo & timber roof architecture (Southeast 288 -Knots used in scaffoldings for fixing hand-rails 335 Bamboo geodesic dome-Types of joints PART 8 -THE BAMBOO CULTURE Asia) 289 Bamboo bipod and tripod for hanging pulleys 336 Types of framing used in the geodesic dome 404 Bamboo roof architecture in South East Asia 290 Hanging scaffolds 337 Geodesic dome struts IN THE AMERICAS AND ASIA 405 Roof construction in Indonesia- 291 Knot tying for vertical transportation of bamboo 338 Bamboo geodesic dome-Construction The Toradja house Rope ladder How to calculate the lengths of the struts accor- 21 406 The Toradja House-Construction 292 Construction of bamboo scaffoldings for ding to the dome diameter ANCIENT AND MODERN USES 407 Indonesia-Traditional bamboo house construction high rise building in Hong Kong 339 Bamboo hyperbolic paraboloid structures OF BAMBOO IN THE AMERICAS 409 Ancient bamboo architecture in China 294 Scaffoldings for repair or building small structures Types of hyperbolic paraboloids The ancient bamboo house Bracing of wood and bamboo posts 340 Construction of regular paraboloids 410 The Porch-Details of joints and vierendeel 295 Bracing of scaffoldings in China Structures built with regular hyperbolics 366 The first bamboo construction known trusses 296 Different shapes of scaffoldings for small paraboloids 367 The ancient cities Details of the bamboo rigid frames buildings (China) 341 Construction of a bamboo paraboloid in Hawaii The use of bamboo in the construction of the 411 The origin of the Chinese roofs 297 Splicing and bracing of bamboo scaffoldings 342 Roof with several bamboo hypars Chan Chan city in Peru 412 Ancient bamboo architecture in India 298 Bracing of bamboo scaffoldings 343 Bamboo conoid structures for roofs and walls 370 Bamboo architecture in Colombia The building styles Types of bamboo conoid roofs-Construction Resurgence of the bamboo culture in 413 Evolution of bamboo domes and barrel roofs 18 BAMBOO SPATIAL STRUCTURES 344 Bamboo tensile structures (Tensegrity) Colombia in the eighteenth century 414 The shapes of the houses or cottages in the Applications 371 Manizales, the cradle of the bamboo Bengal villages 345 Bamboo tensile structures architecture Domical and barrel roofs 299 Triangular flat bamboo slat-trusses 346 Catenary arches made with bamboo sections 374 The traditional bamboo architecture Vaulted roofs 300 Tridimensional triangular bamboo slat roof Construction of catenary arches 375 Bamboo construction technology developed The lotus or horseshoe arch trusses in Manizales The lotus dome 302 Tridimensional round bamboo roof trusses 376 Bamboo and wood house construction 415 The lotus arch and the lotus dome 304 Bamboo roof truss construction 377 How the bamboo substructures and structures 417 Bamboo curved roof and its evolution in 305 Structures made with tied laminated bamboo of houses were built in the hillsides bamboo cupolas (not glued) 378 Construction of houses perpendicular to the contour lines xii CONTENTS CONTENTS xiii 418 Roofs types 25 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF 484 Superflywheel characteristics 31 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF Architectural design CIVIL ENGINEERING 486 The electric lamp of Thomas A. Edison made WEAPONS with a bamboo carbon filament Constructional elements The electric lamps patented by Thomas A. 419 Traditional Japanese roof (timber & bamboo) 448 Bamboo ropes or cables-Uses in engineering Edison 513 Bows and arrows -Ancient bows -Bow strings 515 Bamboo and gunpowder The method of making the rope PART 9 - APPLICATION OF BAM- Tension tests of the plaited bamboo rope used 27 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF Development of gunpowder composition after the Sung Dynasty for traking junks in China HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING BOO IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF 516 Rockets-Fire arrows-The rockets 449 Plaited bamboo ropes used for tracking junks Kind of fire arrows ENGINEERING 451 Fascine bundles made with bamboo ropes 452 Gabions made with bamboo ropes-tTheir uses in 488 Bamboo rural aqueducts- Explosive bombs used with fire arrows bridges Types of bamboo joints 517 Fire lances 23 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF 453 Bamboo gabions used in bridges and riverbanks Bamboo pipes 519 Some of the bamboo weapons used in 454 Bamboo bridges 490 Nomograph for flow in bamboo the Vietnam war AERONAUTICS Primitive Chinese suspension bridges 491 Bamboo fountain-Bamboo supports 455 Types of primitive suspension bridges 492 Different types of bamboo and wood joints PART 10 - BAMBOO IN THE FIELD 422 The use of bamboo in the construction 456 The most advanced premodern bamboo bridges 493 Bamboo water pumps-Parachute pump of airplanes 457 Differences between the Hymalayan and Chinese 494 Bamboo pipes used in the well salt industry OF MEDICINE Kites and gliders suspension bridges in China 423 The use of bamboo in the first airplanes The Himalayan suspension bridge 32 424 The use of bamboo in the dirigible balloon of Chinese Catenary bridge 28 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF ANCIENT AND MODERN USES OF Santos Dumont 458 The catenary suspension bridge NAUnCALTECHNOLOGY BAMBOO IN MEDICINE 425 The "Demoiselle" Santos-Dumont's monoplane 459 Construction details-The bridge house Lateral and front elevation 460 -The position of the bamboo cables in the bridge 522 Bamboo knives for surgery- 426 -Plant view 461 The largest catenary suspension bridge in China 496 Bamboo ship building in China Surgical knives 427 Details of rudder 462 Tubular bamboo suspension bridge in India 497 The bamboo hogging truss used in the Cutting of the umbilical cord 428 Details of the rudder and the steering 463 The Paeces' bamboo stayed bridge in Colombia Chinese and egyptian boats Circumcision 429 Detail of the left-hand wing Roof structures derived from the Paeces 498 Structures derived from bamboo hogging Blood letting 430 Details of the frame stayed bridge trusses Head hunting 432 The first airplane made with a 464 Bamboo scissor bridge 499 Bamboo boats and rafts Castration of animals bamboo fuselage 466 Temporary bamboo bridge with different supports Bamboo internodes used as cupping Application of the mat 468 Construction of an emergency bamboo bridge 29 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF 523 Pharmacology 433 Mat application on the fuselage type "A" MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Therapeutic uses of the bamboo plant 434 Conclusions 470 -Construction of an emergency bamboo bridge Therapeutic uses of roots 435 Effect of interweaving bamboo strips in the type "Y" Therapeutic uses of rhizomes diagonal compression length 471 Construction of temporary bridges with pyramidal 503 Bamboo water wheel drive Therapeutic uses of culm shoots Bamboo airplane propellers supports Machinery 524 Therapeutic uses of bamboo culms 436 Bamboo fuel basket tanks for combat 472 Bamboo tripod supports used in the construction Water wheel drive Therapeutic uses of sap aircrafts-Manufacture of dikes 501 The Bamboo Noria (cylinder wheel) Therapeutic uses of culm water 439 The origin of the helicopter 473 Construction of bamboo bridges following old 502 Chinese bamboo noria 525 Therapeutic uses of bamboo leaves 24 models of wooden bridges developed in Europe Noria for hogh lifts Therapeutic uses of bamboo concretions and BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF Types of wooden bridges which can be built 503 The ox-drawn wheel-The water turned wheel secretions CHEMICAL ENGINEERING with bamboo 504 Bamboo windmills Tabashir -Chemical composition-Therapeutic use 476 Bamboo bridge with roof cover-Colombia Chinese horizontal and oblique 526 Manna secretion 477 Ulluco's bridge with roof cover-Colombia bamboo windmills Poisoning from bamboo 440 Bamboo paper-The use of bamboo tablets 478 Pereira's bamboo bridge -Colombia 505 Chinese oblique-axis bamboo windmills 527 Bamboo in Biomedical Engineering for writing 479 Bamboo Coquiyo's bridge 506 Vertical bamboo windmillS The future use of bamboo in orthopediC implants 441 The invention of paper 480 Bamboo mats used as geomembranes 507 Construction of the crank drive 528 Bamboo as a biomedical material The ancient technology of bamboo hand made in earthworks 508 Construction of the sail windwheel 532 Orthopedia-Bamboo Prosthesis paper in China Geosynthetics 509 Types of valves 442 Chinese paper making as illustrated in Bamboo mats 510 The use of bamboo in the construction 33 OTHER USES OF BAMBOO IN the 7th century book of machinery 444 -The traditional technology of hand made paper 26 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF Trunk sawing machine DIFFERENT FIELDS Bamboo fiber character ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Bamboo rolling bearings 445 Bamboo storage and material preparation 533 Bamboo in transportation 1. Chipping and material preparation 30 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF Bamboo bullock carts in India 446 Fuels derived from bamboo 481 -Bamboo flywheels for energy storage 534 Bicycle with bamboo frame -Brasil Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol) The use of bamboo in the construction of TEXTILES 535 Bamboo stylus (needle) used in phonographs 447 Liquid diesel fuel flywheels Bamboo spring lock Other products derived from bamboo 482 The modern flywheel 511 Undershirts and armors made with bamboo 536 Use of bamboo in cartography Activated charcoal absorbent 483 The potenCial use of bamboo in the construction 512 Bamboo cloth Bactericides and fungicides for meat products of flywheels The story of the bamboo and silk 537 BIBLIOGRAPHY Deodorants from bamboo Shape factors (K) for common flywheel design INTRODUCTION xv xiv One afternoon in 1963 at the end of the lecture which I gave to the It is very important to point out that Colombia is the only Introduction last semester students at the College of Agricultural Sciences of the country in Latin America which has still preserved most of its native National University of Colombia in Palmira, about the traditional uses of species, thanks to the Colombian Institute of atural Resources "guadua" (the vernacular name of our main giant bamboo species, Gua- (iNDERENA). In 1960, when our giant native bamboo species were dua angustifolia Kunth) in rural construction, one of the students asked on the brink of extinction due to the intensive destruction of the nat- me: What is guadua?, What is its origin? When he noted the surprise his ural bamboo plantations which began in the nineteen fifties, this question caused me, because I am an architect and he was almost an institute forbade the cutting of bamboo without its permission and agronomist, he told me, I have to write a thesis about guadua and so far fortunately this norm is still in force. I have not been able to find any botanical or technical information about This book is the result of many years of research that I have car- ried out at the National University of Colombia at the School of this plant in the library. I could not believe what he said. I could not believe that there were no Architecture, where I founded the CIBAM (Bamboo Research Cen- scientific or technical studies about the most useful of all our plants, ter); as a United Nations consultant in Ecuador and Costa Rica; as a which for centuries has contributed to the social and economic develop- consultant for the Acuerdo de Cartagena PADT -REFORT in Peru ment of Colombia, where about 60% of the total population of the cities and Bolivia, and in the libraries of several universities including and rural areas use this material not only in the construction of their Washington University in Canada, the University of Columbia in houses, but also in buildings, factories and in the construction of stables, New York, and the University of California in Berkeley, where I bridges, aqueducts and many other uses. received great collaboration. Based on my belief, I promised my student that I would get some This book includes some traditional applications of giant bam- information for his thesis. During several days, I visited the libraries of boos and some of the most important and advanced studies on this various universities including that of Natural Sciences in Bogota where I plant carried out in recent years by outstanding researchers from- found hundreds of books written by our botanists, even about plants China, India, Japan, Germany and United States in different fields. which have no economic value, but I could not find any botanical or tech- The first part of the book include: Anatomy and Physiology of nical information about our "guadua". My student was right and I became bamboo in which I received the collaboration and guidance of my frustrated because I could not help him with any information. Unfortu- friend and teacher Professor Dr. Walter Liese of Germany. I think nately, this student died in an accident two months later, not knowing that this is the most important part of the book because the anatomy that his questions were the seeds which created in me a great interest for and physiology of bamboo are the basis for understanding not only the study of our marvelous "guadua" in which I have spent many years of the structural behavior of bamboo, but also the thousands of differ- ent applications ofthis marvelous plant that has been considered to my life. What was the reason for the lack of interest of our botanists, agrono- be a gift of Gods since ancient times. mists and forestry universities in the study of this plant? I talked with sev- The other chapters deal with the use of bamboo in different fields eral forestry engineers who told me that at that time (1963), there were so of ancient and modern architecture, in different branches of engi- many large natural plantations of bamboo in our country that this plant neering, and in theconstruction of modern structures. It also consi- was considered to be a weed and the Cinderella of our natural resources ders its use inthe manufacture of new types of composite materials, since it was only used by poor people in the construction of their houses. which will generate new applications of bamboo in the future, and Consequently, nobody was interested in the study of this plant since it was finally its use in the field of medicine and as a biomedical material. considered a waste of time. For this reason, there was no technical or sci- I hope that this book will contribute to the technical and scienti- entific information about this plant. Therefore, students had not received fic study of our native giant bamboo species, to the development of any information about it from their professors at the university, not even many industries related to the manufacture of composite materials, about the way it could be cultivated. I became frustrated, because if there and the development of new types of structures, in Colombia and the was no information about this plant, how could I start studying it? other countries of the Americas where this marvelous plant can Several weeks later I received from my friend Dr. Guillermo Ramos grow. Nunez a small publication, "Bamboo as Construction Material" written in Finally, I want to dedicate this book with my deepest gratitude 1953 by Dr. Alonzo McClure at the U.S Department of Agriculture, to my student, who changed the direction of my life with his ques- Washington D.C In this publication, I learned that "guadua" was not a tions, to Dr. Walter Liese, to Mrs Ingrid Radkey of the University of tree (as it was believed to be in Colombia) but a giant grass, which was California and many other people of other institutions, who taught considered to be one of the best bamboos in the world for durability and and helped me in my reseach. strength. For me, this information opened the doors of that marvelous world of bamboo in which I have been wandering for many years and which has taken me to visit several countries of Asia such as Japan, China, the Phillipines, Taiwan and Indonesia, where I started my studies on bamboo. There has been little interest in this plant in Latin America as a result of the lack of technical and scientific information written in Span- ish about our native bamboo species, so most Latin American coun- tries have destroyed their native giant species up to the point that in most of them bamboo is on the brink of extinction like in Venezuela, Mexico and Guatemala. PART ONE The Bamboo Plant Sect 1 THE PLANT 2 Paleobotany Etymology Herbaceous and woody bamboos Bamboo orphology and Physiology 4 Leptomorph rizome 4 Pachymorph rhizome 6 Methamorph rhizome 8 The culm 8 Characteristics of the culm 11 Mathematical relations 14 Culm branches & Leaves 17 Anatomy of bamboo culm 19 Sect 2 BAMBOO FLOWERING 25 Sporadic and Gregarious Flowering 25 Gregarious flowering in the Americas 29 Sect.3 TAXONOMY - DISTRIBUTION OF - BAMBOOS IN THE WORLD 32 The most important species of Asia and the Americas 36 DNA and the identification 48 Sect. 4 BAMBOO ECOLOGY AND SILVICULTURE 50 Propagation methods 53 Tissue culture 58 Bamboo Hibridization 61 Management of stands 62 Cultivation of bamboo shoots 63 Sect.5 PESTS AND DESEASES IN LIVING lAND FELLED BAMBOOS 65 Decay Fungy and Insects which attack living bamboos Decay Fungy and Insects which attack felled bamboos 67 2 Part One- Section 1-The bamboo plant Part One- Section 1-The bamboo plant 3 THE BAMBOO PLANT Fig. 1.1 BAMBOOS AND TREES FROM TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE ZONES 1 A.- TROPICAL BAMBOOS (Pachymorph) B.-TEMPERATE BAMBOOS (Leptomorph) The culm generally is hollow but in few Culm species is solid or WHAT IS BAMBOO have small lumen Branch Node Bamboo is not a tree as it is considered by the majority Herbaceous and woody bamboos of people. but a giant arborescent grass, or in other words, a -t---Culm Culm bud The subfamily Bambusoideae is divided into two broad woody giant herbage. As such, it belongs to the family groups: The herbaceous bambusoid grasses, or herbaceous C,.amineae (Poaceae), subfamily Bambusoideae, whose (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)__- Node Culm leaf bamboos, that usually have soft culms, and the woody members possess a similar distinctive in the leaf blade bambusoid grasses or woody bamboos, or simply "bam- Phloem or sh"attl , f--jf+ anatomy. i.e., fusoid cells and arm cells, which sets the bam- boos". This latter group forms the tribe Bambuseae (See boo apart from grasses. All grasses that possess this ty-pe of Table 3-3) which have woody culms, usually hollow and leaf anatomy are known as "bambusoid grasses". They are divided by septums or diaphragms. They branch at the range from a few centimeters in height, such as those of nodes and usually reproduce from rhizomes that give rise to genera Raddiella which grow on wet rocks near rapids in new long-lived culms. They flower only after many years, at the Guianas, South America, to giant species up to 40 which time most of them produce seeds and then die, in the meters high, as Dendrocalamus giganteus, from India. majority of cases, while grasses only flower annually and most commonly reproduce by seed PALEOBOTANY or sprout In relation to the origin of the plant. Velenovsky claims Classification of the woody plants that the bamboo plant flourished in the Cretaceous period, The basic anatomical element of the plant is the cell.. when grasses and cereal appeared, just before the beginning The joining of cells forms the tissue, and the joining of tis- Rhizome bud of the Terciary period, when the first humans also appeared. sues forms the woody body or mass. As a woody grass, (Porterfield 1925). bamboo is a member of the woody plants, which also Fossils of Chusquea rolloti of the Tertiary were found in include trees (softwoods and hardwoods) and palms. All of the area of La Virginia near Girardot, Colombia (about '40 them have differences in their morphology, and also in their '\r---Rools kilometers from Bogota). (Berry 1929). According to Taylor & anatomical structure and tissue organization. Smoot (1984), the earliest recorded paleobotanical contribu- The woody plants are classified into two groups: Gym- Growing tion was the description of fossil "bamboo shoots" by the nospenns and angiosperms. The Gymnosper711s include the rhizome Rhizome neck Chinese scholar Shen Kua (1029-1093), publisl)ed in 1086 in coniferous species or "softwoods", which have needle like his work entitled "Dream Pool Essays". leaves, such as pines or scale-like leaves which, except for a Although the beginning of paleo-botany may be traced couple of species, remain on the tree throughout the year. to this work, it was not until the seventeenth century that The Angiosperms, are subdivided into two groups: C -TROPICAL TREES (HARD WOODS) D.-TEMPERATE TREES (SOFT WOODS) paleobotanical investigation began in Europe. Shen Kua dicotyledons and monocotyledons. Dicotyledons include reported in his work that in the year 1080 there was a land- the "hardwoods" which have broad leaves. They are often slide in China on the bank of a large river in Yung-Ning deciduous and shed their leaves in the fall or during the Kuang near Yenchow;" ... The bank collapsed, opening a winter, except in warmer regions, depending on the space of many meters, and under the gr'ound a Jm'est oj species. Bamboos and palms are the most important mem- bamboo was thus revealed. It contained several hundreds bers of the Monocotyledons. The palms include rattan, bamboos with their roots (rhizomes) and trunks (culms) which has solid but flexible stems and belongs to the clim- Bark complete, and all tllrned to stone. Now bamboos do not bing, spiny palms. Once the spines are removed, it is used in grow in Yenchow. Perhaps in very ancient times the climate the manufacture of furniture. Rattan has certain similarity was different so that the place was low, damp, gloomy, and with some bamboo species, but they are different, bamboos suitablefor bamboos ... " (Deng. 1976; Li. 1981). are generally hollow and rattan is solid. Besides the differences which exist in the anatomical ETYMOLOGY characteristics of the woody plants, they have also diffe- Resin canal rences in their growing process. The growing process of the The origin of the word "bamboo" is a puzzle to etymolo- woody plants is based on the formation of new cells by spe- gists. Some believe that this word is Malayan in origin and it cia1ized tissues known as meristems. For instance, in trees Fibers Ray tracheids is the onomatopoeic for bam-boom, the cracking sound made (softwoods and hardwoods), the initial growth of the plant by the culms when they are burned. With the heat, the air in is due to the primary or apical meristem which is later Vessels the sealed hollow bamboo internodes expands until they blow replaced by a lateral meristem known as cambium located Ray parenchyma apart. Other authors consider that the term "bamboo" had its origin in"mambu", the ancient Indian term for bamboo. between the bark and the wood. In bamboos there are not medular ray (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) cambium because bamboo does not grow in diameter, as will be explained in this chapter.

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by  Oscar Hidalgo-Lopez
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IV v CONTENTS PART ONE .- THE BAMBOO PLANT 16 -The influence of the culm age Determination of the culm age 17 Culm branches 1 THE PLANT The leaves 18 Types of culm sheaths or culm leaves 2 What is bamboo Culm sheath (Culm leaf) Paleobotan 19 Anatomy of bamboo culm Etymology The epidermis Herbaceous and woody bamboos The inner layer of the culm wall The woody plants -Classification . The Fibro·vascular area 3 Bamboos and trees from tropical and temperate Parenchyma zones Vascular bundles 4 Bamboo Morphology and physiology 21 Anatomical characterization of the vascular Parts of the plant bundle The Rhizome 22 Types of Vascular bundles Types of bamboos 23 Fibers Leptomorph Rhizome Relationship between the fiber lengths 5 Rhizome System of Leptomorph type in the internode 6 Direction which the leptomorph rhizome ta takes when it starts its growth 2 BAMBOO FLOWERING Pachymorph Rhizome 8 Metamorph Rhizome The Culm 25 Types of flowerings Formation and growing of the culm base 1) Sporadic or irregular flowering and culm shoot in species with leptomorph 2) Gregarious flowering rhizomes. 26 The flower Growing process of the culm shoot in species The fruit with Leptomorph and Pachymorph Rhizomes. Problems caused by gregarious flowering 10 Daily growth of the culm shoot 27 The importance of the life cycles 11 Characteristics of the culm Is it possible to predict the gregarious flower Nodal and internodal morphology flowering? Nodes -Internodes 28 Dates of gregarious flowerings and life cycles Color of the culms of some species from Asia and the Americas 12 Natural culm forms 29 Gregarious flowerings in the Americas The natural square bamboo from China Gregarious flowering of Bambusa arundinacea Internodes with the shape of bottles in India, Puerto Rico, Panama and Colombia Triangular 30 Gregarious flowering of Bambusa arundina- Flat culms cea in Colombia Freak culms 31 Gregarious flowering of Guadua angustifolia in Turtle shell bamboo South America in 1977-78 Budda's face bamboo Gregarious flowering of Guadua amplexifolia Spiral bamboo The abnormality of the internodes 3 TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION 14 Abnormality in culms of Guadua Angustifolia OF BAMBOOS IN THE WORLD Mathematical relationships of the culm Identification of bamboo species by mathema- tical relationship 32 Distribution of bamboos in the World 15 Aproximate mathematical determination of the Distribution in the Americas Aaia . Oceania culm height and Africa Approximate dimensions of some giant bamboos 33 Original distribution of bamboos in the world of Genus Guadua at the time of Columbus' arri- Genera of bamboos native to the Americas val in the Americas in 1502 34 Genera of bamboos native to Asia, Oceania The huge dimensions of giant bamboos in and Afric ancient China 35 The Classification of woody bamboo genera CONTENTS Vii vi CONTENTS 80 Parts of the culm which have the lowest and bamboo 36 The most important species of Asia and the Artificial induction of flowering highest strength Effect of microwave treatment on the green color Americas. 61 Bamboo Hybridization The extraordinary tensile strength of vascular conservation and durability of bamboo The most important species of genus Guadua Crossbreeding different bamboo species and bundles Treatment with inorganiC salts in the Americas genera 81 Axial and transversal bamboo structure Treatment developed in Japan for the preservation- 37 The three most important native species of genus Crossbreeding between bamboo and rice 82 The mechanical properties of each of the of bamboo's greenness Guadua in Colombia (Oriza sativa) internodes vary along the culm Gluing of bamboo surfaces 38 The encounter of Columbus with the giant species 62 Management of bamboo stands 83 The ability of bamboo cells to generate electrical 110 Bamboo laquer ware of the Americas 63 Cultivation of bamboo shoots signals when stressed and the influence of their 111 Preparation of strips and round sticks by hand 40 - Species of genus Guadua that still have not been Fertilizer application electrical properties in the modeling and remode- 112 Bamboo processing machinery identified Irrigation ling of their hard tissue 114 Manufacture of bamboo weaving and baskets 41 Original distribution of the giant species of Harvest season Mechano sensing system and adaptive modeling Bamboo weaving genus Guadua in the Americas 64 Types of commercial bamboo shoots of bamboo. 115 Square weaving -Yotsume-Ami 42 Destruction of the giant bamboo species of genus Storage and preserving of shoots 85 Evaluation of the tensile strength of the culm wall 116 Hexagon weaving-Mutsume Ami Guadua in Latin America 65 The bamboo shoot cannery technique The basic principle for the evaluation of the 119 Ajiro weaving 44 The destruction of the giant native species from 5 mechanical properties of bamboo 124 Bottom weaving Mexico to Ecuador PESTS AND DISEASES IN LIVING 86 Radial distribution of tensile strength in the wall 125 Border weaving 46 Consequences of the aversion and ignorance AND FELLED BAMBOOS 87 Tension tests of culms 129 Some of the many applications of bamboo baskets which exist in our countries towards the giant 88 Compression strength parallel to the grain 131 Some applications of woven boards native species 65 Decay fungi and insects which attack living Testing of bamboo to compression 132 Manufacture of a creche 48 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and the identifi- bamboos 89 Testing in compresion sections of 1-2 and 3 134 Bamboo culm-base carving cation of species Decay fungi in living bamboos meters long 135 Bamboo internode relief sculpture What is DNA? Decorative fungus 91 Bending strength 136 Bamboo furniture Chromosome number in bamboo Insects in living bamboos 92 Shear strength- Impact tests Types of jOints used in the manufacture of furniture Fingerprints of bamboo 49 Estimation of DNA content of some bamboos 67 Decay fungi and insects which attack felled 93 Suggested specimens for testing mechanical 137 Somes types of chairs-tables bamboos properties of bamboo 138 Bending or straightening of giant bamboo culms 4 BAMBOO ECOLOGY - SILVI CUTURE Decay fungi 94 How to upgrade the bamboo mechanical proper- with fire Insects ties (reformed bamboo) 139 Bending of small diameter bamboos with fire Termites General structure and properties of bamboo 50 Environmental conditions for bamboo growth Borers 95 Manufacture of reformed bamboo Latitud and altitud 69 Plagues The structure of reformed bamboo Temperature 96 Mechanical properties of reformed bamboo PART 4 - BAMBOO TREATMENTS Rainfall 97 Disadvantages of reformed bamboo PART 2 - BAMBOO PROPERTIES AGAINST INSECTS AND FUNGI 51 Soils 98 Chemical properties Topography Chemistry of bamboo shoots and culms The influence of tree species in the development 6 PHYSICAL - MECHANICAL AND 8 Hemicelluloses RULES FOR IMPROVING THE NA- of bamboo in mixed forests (biotic factor) CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 99 Lignin 52 Above ground biomass of bamboo stands TURAL DURABILITY OF BAMBOOS The main chemical elements entering into the 53 Bamboo propagation methods composition of bamboo culms Nursery land selection and preparation 72 Physical properties Afforestation land preparation Density -Specific gravity Cellulose and hemicellulose 142 The durability of some species Propagation methods Moisture content 100 Preparation of Materials 143 Rules for felling bamboos for construction and Cellulose Propagation by seeds (Sexual propagation) 73 Equilibrium moisture content (E.M.C.) other uses Asexual propagation of leptomorph Fiber saturation point (F.S.P.) Pentosans 144 Uses of bamboo culms according to their age (monopodial) bamboos in areas with very cold Shrinkage Alcohol extract in the clump winters 74 Splitting Lignin 145 The moon and its effect on felling bamboos 54 Methods for propagation of Leptomorph bambo Thermal conductivity 103 Culm chemical composition with reference to the 146 Physical and chemical treatments against By rhizome cutting Hardness culm age insects and decay fungi Propagation by culm base with rhizome and roots 75 The bamboo that survived the radiation of an Physical Treatments (curing) 55 By the culm (with some branches) rhizome atomic bomb PART 3 - BAMBOO HANDICRAFTS Curing in the clump and roots 76 The influence of bamboo physical properties on Curing by immersion Methods for propagation of pachymorph bamboo the acoustical quality of the sound field in a 147 Curing with heat Propagation by rhizome cuttings bamboo forest 7 MANUFACTURE OF BAMBOO Curing by smoking Rhizome with part of the culm and lower branches 77 Mechanical properties of the culm WARES Curing with mud Rhizome without culm 78 Differences between wood and bamboo Curing in beach sand 56 Propagation by culm cuttings 79 The main factors which we have to keep in mind Curing by sea-water supernatans 57 Propagation by branch cuttings for studying the mechanical properties of the culm 106 Preliminary treatments Protection by white washing Propagation by layering The Climate Resin or oil extraction 148 Chemical treatments 58 Propagation by tissue culture The Topography 107 Dyeing of bamboo What we have to know before treating bamboo with The principal methods of propagation The Soil chemicals 59 Techniques of micropropagation The Altitude above sea level 108 Painting of bamboo Methods for treating bamboos with chemicals 60 Tissue culture propagation of Dendroca/amus The Influence of the culm's age 109 The smoke finishing of bamboo products Temporary or prophylactic treatment of bamboo strictus. Conservation of the characteristic green color of 149 Long term chemical treatments -Stepping method viii CONTENTS CONTENTS ix ; Open tank method Preparation of the composite and the tests sped 196 Manufacture of laminated bamboo plastic 225 How to avoid the crushing of horizontal members Hot and cold process for the treatment of mens - Results veneer 226 Types of joints used in bamboo construction bamboo boards and split bamboo Bamboo fiber-reinforced polypropilene (PP) com- 197 Glued laminated bamboo pieces made with Manufacture of the main types of joints 150 Boucherie method for the treatment of round posites bamboo boards 227 Joints of horizontal and vertical members green bamboos 170 Grafting procedures 198 Bamboo in the field of biomimetics 228 Fixing horizontal and vertical members with pins Modified Boucherie method using pneumatic Preparation of BFRP composites What is biomimetics and bolts pressure Molding procedures Composites imitating bamboo 229 Double and quadruple beams-supports 152 Pressure treatment Charpy impact test 230 Horizontal joints (not for structural members) The effect of steam treatment and pressure Results and discussion 11 CEMENT-BASED COMPOSITES 231 Horizontal splicing (not for structural members treatment 171 Interfacial adhesion of BFRP composites REINFORCED WITH BAMBOO Prevention and control of fungal attack on bas- Effect on bamboo fiber sizes 13 HOUSE CONSTRUCTION - FIBERS kets and handicrafts made of bamboo Comparison to commercial wood pulp composite FOOTINGS 153 Seasoning or drying of bamboo 172 Reformed bamboo/aluminium alloy composite Air drying Manufacturing technique 199 Natural fibers used as reinforcement Kiln drying Properties of reformed bamboo/aluminium com- 200 Bamboo fiber cement composites 232 Footing types posite-Conclusions 201 Cement mortar boards reinforced with bamboo 233 Footings for different types of grounds Impact properties pulp 234 Foundation and bamboo substructure on sloping PART 5 - MANUFACTURE OF SIN- 174 Reformed bamboo/glass fabric/aluminium Bamboo wool-cement board ground GLE AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS composite Air-cured bamboo pulp reinforced cement 235 Bamboo substructure of elevated floors Manufacture of reformed bamboo/glass fabriC/ 202 Cement mortar reinforcedwith bamboo DERIVED FROM BAMBOO aluminium (RBIGF/AI) (Bamboo-cement) 14 BAMBOO WALLS Mechanical properties of RB/GF/AL The ferrocement story 9 MANUFACTURE OF SINGLE 175 Hygroscopic properties 203 -Manufacture of small tanks and toilets with 236 Quincha" Wall-Peru 176 Bamboo based panels Bamboo-cement 237 Peru -Bamboo architecture with "quincha" BAMBOO MATERIALS Types of bamboo based products 204 -Manufacture of large water tanks with bam- 238 Ecuador-Ancient and present bamboo architec 177 Plybamboo-types boo-cement 239 Crammed wall with clay -Colombia 156 Manufacture of channels, splints and strips Non structural plybamboo 205 -Manufacture of panels reinforced with bam- 240 Bahareque wall with double bamboo board of the culm 178 Structural plybamboo panels boo mesh Colombia 157 Manufacture of bamboo boards Colombian structural plybamboo panel Manufacture of prefabricated slabs 241 Cross section of a double bamboo board wall 158 Rotary and sliced bamboo veneers 179 Manufacture 206 Concrete reinforced with bamboo 242 Tendinous wall-India -Colombia Rotary veneer 180 Plybamboo with wood core Methods used for reinforcement of concrete 243 Woven bamboo boards for walls and windows Sliced veneer 181 Structural plybamboo manufactured in with bamboo 244 Bamboo mat board for walls, doors and windows- Sawed veneer China 208 Summary of conclusions from results of tests Asia 159 Internodal bamboo veneer taken from the Chinese plybamboo on bamboo reinforced concrete beams carried 245 Japanese bamboo wall Production process out by H. E. Glenn (1944) surface part of the culm wall-Manufacture 160 Applications of the surface bamboo veneer 182 Laminated curtain bamboo board (with resin 210 Design and construction principles recomen- 15 ROOF STRUCTURES impregnated paper) ded by Glenn (1950) for bamboo concrete. Manufacture of plates and boxe 161 Intemodal bamboo veneer taken from the 183 Bamboo particle board 211 Problems caused by the use of splints and internal part of the culm wall 184 Bamboo fiberboard small diameter culms as reinforcement in con 246 Light roof truss Manufacturing methods and uses Woven plybamboo board crete 247 Bamboo light truss with rafters Bamboo mat board 213 Concrete reinforced with bamboo cables 248 Fastenings of purlins and rafters 10 Manufacture process 214 Manufacture of bamboo cables for reinforcing 249 Bamboo rigid frame MANUFACTURE OF BAMBOO 185 Surface treatment of bamboo mats (plastifying) concrete 250 Construction of peak roofs with spanish tile COMPOSITE MATERIALS Corrugated bamboo matboard 215 Manufacture of bamboo stirrups (Colombia) Bamboo curtain board 216 Beams and slab foundation reinforced with 251 Peak roofs with ceiling and spanish tile- 186 Bamboo mat and bamboo fiber mat used bamboo cables (Colombia) 163 What are composite materials Structural advantages of natural bamboo as reinforcement of epoxy resin 217 Culms and bamboo boxes used as voids. In 252 Hip roofs with corbels-(Colombia) 188 Impact test specimen the construction of concrete slabs in buildings 253 Hip roofs with ceiling and spanish tile- composites 189 Glued laminated bamboo for the manufacture Culms sections used as voids in Colombia (Colombia) 164 Analysis of the bamboo internode of ski poles and fishing rods 218 Bamboo boxes used as voids in Colombia 254 Details of joints on storehouse roofs Extraction of bamboo fibers and their use as Manufacture of ski poles 219 BUilding concrete slabs with bamboo boxes 255 Bamboo and grain stalk thatched roofs reinforcement in composite materials 190 Manufacture of glued laminated bamboo for 220 Culms used as joists in concrete floors 256 Bamboo and palm leaf thatched roof Delignification structural, furniture and floor uses 221 Culms used as joists supporting concrete slab 257 Roof type "A" for a small house 165 Mechanical techniques for fiber separation Manufacture of glued laminated bamboo in 258 Roof type "A" for a small coffee beam Composite preparation Colombia treatment plant Fiber and composite testing PART 6 - BAMBOO CONSTRUC - 191 Details of bamboo glued laminated pieces 259 Construction of the roof 166 Results and discussion 167 Epoxy coated bamboo fiber 192 Glued laminated bamboo furniture in Colombia TION TECHNOLOGIES 261 Roof covered with half sections of bamboo 168 Experimental study of unidirectional bamboo- 193 Manufacture of bamboo laminated turned pieces culms 194 Manufacture of glued laminated bamboo in China 263 Roof covered with bamboo shingle tiles epoxy laminate Manufacture of laminated bamboo flooring 12 SOME BASIC RULES FOR 169 Chemical resistance and tensile properties of short bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy com 195 Bamboo laminated floor tiles and plates USING BAMBOO IN CONSTRUC posites TION x CONTENTS CONTENTS xi 16 PREFABRICATION OF BAMBOO Mosque built with tied laminated bamboo- 19 STRUCTURES GENERATED BY 379 Plastering of the bamboo walls. with HOUSES 306 Construction details NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL DE- cement-mortar 307 How to build tied bamboo laminated arches 380 The first bamboo housing project in Manizales 308 Glue laminated bamboo beams and arches FORMATION OF LIVING CULMS 381 House plan and distribution 264 Experimentat program of prefabricated houses 309 Glue laminated bamboo arches with 382 Longitudinal sections in Ecuador 2 or 3 articulations 347 Structures generated by the flexibility of the 383 The largest structures built by Colombian 266 Housing program 310 Bamboo composite beams ("I" and "Box" culm architects. 267 Types of forms used in the prefabrication bamboo beams) 348 Natural longitudinal deformations of culms The bamboo roof of Carlos Vergara of walls Ply bamboo web beams with bamboo laminated 349 Artificial longitudinal deformation and its applica- 384 Perspective and plan of the structure 268 Larger forms used in the prefabrication flanges tlion in the construction of three hinged arches 385 The latest bamboo roof structures of Simon Velez of the walls 311 "I" and "Box" bamboo beams structures 386 The bamboo roof structure in Ecuador 387 269 Fixing the studs inside the forms 312 Construction of floors and roofs with "\" 350 Process of deformation of longitudinal arches 388 The circular bamboo roof of Zeri Pavilion 270 Furring the panel with bamboo boards and "Box" beams 351 Types of arches which can be made by 389 The Zeri Pavillion- Roof details 271 Construction of the slab foundation 313 Construction of rigid frames with "I" deforming culms 390 Cross section and construction details 272 Plan and prefabricated walls of type I house and "Box" beams 352 Experiment for making a bamboo Warren truss 391 Roof construction details developed by S. Velez 273 Assembling of the type I house 314 Conical thatching bamboo roofs Application of deformation 392 Tensile tests of bamboo roof joints 274 Plan and cross sections of type II house Conical roof with tension ring 353 How to make square and rectangular bamboos 393 Conclusions of the tests carried out by 275 Assembling of the type II house 315 Conical thatching roof with radial tension cables 354 Manufacture and placement of the forms Garzon & Diaz 279 Improvement of dwellings & housing prefa- 317 Bamboo conical roof supported by a concrete 355 Removing the forms and painting the culm Recommendations in the use of internodes briication program in Costa Rica. structure with cement mortar (by O. Hidalgo) Improvement of dwellings in poor areas 318 The bamboo domes of Y. Friedman & E. Schaur 20 THE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE 280 Prefabrication of bamboo houses in Costa Rica Construction of domes with bamboo slats 22 TRADITIONAL BAMBOO 282 Prefabrication of bamboo houses in Colombia 319 Types of domes built with bamboo slats FORCES ON BAMBOO BUILDINGS 283 Prefabrication of houses in the town "EI Penol" 324 Construction of roofs with bamboo slat rings ARCHITECTURE IN ASIA 284 Prefabricated piramidal bamboo cupolas-Peru (Y. Friedman) 356 The basic structural components Roofs made with bamboo slats rings 357 Design of small bamboo houses in earthquake 395 Was the Homo erectus the first architect in PART 7- CONSTRUCTION OF BAM- 327 The woven bamboo conical dome (Africa) zones China? BOO STRUCTURES The woven bamboo conical dome used The foundation 396 Was the first man engendered by a as housing 359 Construction mistakes in bamboo structures bamboo culm? 328 Double layer bamboo space structure 360 Inappropriate structures for earthquake zones 397 Evolution of primitive conical timber and bamboo 17 CONSTRUCTION OF BAMBOO Construction 361 Some construction details recommended as japanese roofs 329 Construction of joints earthquake-proof 399 The use of bamboo scissors in primitive houses SCAFFOLDINGS (KNOT-TYING) 330 Construction of joints using a metal cone 362 The use of bamboo as reinforcement of adobe 400 Evolution of bamboo conical roofs in South 331 Not recommended joints walls in earthquake zones East Asia 286 Small bamboo scaffolding -Colombia 332 -Bamboo laminated geodesic dome PlaCing of vertical reinforcement 402 Bamboo roofs in South East Asia and the 287 Types of knots used in the construction of sca- Dome construction 363 PlaCing of horizontal reinforcement influence of boats on their architecture ffoldings 333 Geodesic geometry 403 Bamboo & timber roof architecture (Southeast 288 -Knots used in scaffoldings for fixing hand-rails 335 Bamboo geodesic dome-Types of joints PART 8 -THE BAMBOO CULTURE Asia) 289 Bamboo bipod and tripod for hanging pulleys 336 Types of framing used in the geodesic dome 404 Bamboo roof architecture in South East Asia 290 Hanging scaffolds 337 Geodesic dome struts IN THE AMERICAS AND ASIA 405 Roof construction in Indonesia- 291 Knot tying for vertical transportation of bamboo 338 Bamboo geodesic dome-Construction The Toradja house Rope ladder How to calculate the lengths of the struts accor- 21 406 The Toradja House-Construction 292 Construction of bamboo scaffoldings for ding to the dome diameter ANCIENT AND MODERN USES 407 Indonesia-Traditional bamboo house construction high rise building in Hong Kong 339 Bamboo hyperbolic paraboloid structures OF BAMBOO IN THE AMERICAS 409 Ancient bamboo architecture in China 294 Scaffoldings for repair or building small structures Types of hyperbolic paraboloids The ancient bamboo house Bracing of wood and bamboo posts 340 Construction of regular paraboloids 410 The Porch-Details of joints and vierendeel 295 Bracing of scaffoldings in China Structures built with regular hyperbolics 366 The first bamboo construction known trusses 296 Different shapes of scaffoldings for small paraboloids 367 The ancient cities Details of the bamboo rigid frames buildings (China) 341 Construction of a bamboo paraboloid in Hawaii The use of bamboo in the construction of the 411 The origin of the Chinese roofs 297 Splicing and bracing of bamboo scaffoldings 342 Roof with several bamboo hypars Chan Chan city in Peru 412 Ancient bamboo architecture in India 298 Bracing of bamboo scaffoldings 343 Bamboo conoid structures for roofs and walls 370 Bamboo architecture in Colombia The building styles Types of bamboo conoid roofs-Construction Resurgence of the bamboo culture in 413 Evolution of bamboo domes and barrel roofs 18 BAMBOO SPATIAL STRUCTURES 344 Bamboo tensile structures (Tensegrity) Colombia in the eighteenth century 414 The shapes of the houses or cottages in the Applications 371 Manizales, the cradle of the bamboo Bengal villages 345 Bamboo tensile structures architecture Domical and barrel roofs 299 Triangular flat bamboo slat-trusses 346 Catenary arches made with bamboo sections 374 The traditional bamboo architecture Vaulted roofs 300 Tridimensional triangular bamboo slat roof Construction of catenary arches 375 Bamboo construction technology developed The lotus or horseshoe arch trusses in Manizales The lotus dome 302 Tridimensional round bamboo roof trusses 376 Bamboo and wood house construction 415 The lotus arch and the lotus dome 304 Bamboo roof truss construction 377 How the bamboo substructures and structures 417 Bamboo curved roof and its evolution in 305 Structures made with tied laminated bamboo of houses were built in the hillsides bamboo cupolas (not glued) 378 Construction of houses perpendicular to the contour lines xii CONTENTS CONTENTS xiii 418 Roofs types 25 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF 484 Superflywheel characteristics 31 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF Architectural design CIVIL ENGINEERING 486 The electric lamp of Thomas A. Edison made WEAPONS with a bamboo carbon filament Constructional elements The electric lamps patented by Thomas A. 419 Traditional Japanese roof (timber & bamboo) 448 Bamboo ropes or cables-Uses in engineering Edison 513 Bows and arrows -Ancient bows -Bow strings 515 Bamboo and gunpowder The method of making the rope PART 9 - APPLICATION OF BAM- Tension tests of the plaited bamboo rope used 27 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF Development of gunpowder composition after the Sung Dynasty for traking junks in China HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING BOO IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF 516 Rockets-Fire arrows-The rockets 449 Plaited bamboo ropes used for tracking junks Kind of fire arrows ENGINEERING 451 Fascine bundles made with bamboo ropes 452 Gabions made with bamboo ropes-tTheir uses in 488 Bamboo rural aqueducts- Explosive bombs used with fire arrows bridges Types of bamboo joints 517 Fire lances 23 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF 453 Bamboo gabions used in bridges and riverbanks Bamboo pipes 519 Some of the bamboo weapons used in 454 Bamboo bridges 490 Nomograph for flow in bamboo the Vietnam war AERONAUTICS Primitive Chinese suspension bridges 491 Bamboo fountain-Bamboo supports 455 Types of primitive suspension bridges 492 Different types of bamboo and wood joints PART 10 - BAMBOO IN THE FIELD 422 The use of bamboo in the construction 456 The most advanced premodern bamboo bridges 493 Bamboo water pumps-Parachute pump of airplanes 457 Differences between the Hymalayan and Chinese 494 Bamboo pipes used in the well salt industry OF MEDICINE Kites and gliders suspension bridges in China 423 The use of bamboo in the first airplanes The Himalayan suspension bridge 32 424 The use of bamboo in the dirigible balloon of Chinese Catenary bridge 28 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF ANCIENT AND MODERN USES OF Santos Dumont 458 The catenary suspension bridge NAUnCALTECHNOLOGY BAMBOO IN MEDICINE 425 The "Demoiselle" Santos-Dumont's monoplane 459 Construction details-The bridge house Lateral and front elevation 460 -The position of the bamboo cables in the bridge 522 Bamboo knives for surgery- 426 -Plant view 461 The largest catenary suspension bridge in China 496 Bamboo ship building in China Surgical knives 427 Details of rudder 462 Tubular bamboo suspension bridge in India 497 The bamboo hogging truss used in the Cutting of the umbilical cord 428 Details of the rudder and the steering 463 The Paeces' bamboo stayed bridge in Colombia Chinese and egyptian boats Circumcision 429 Detail of the left-hand wing Roof structures derived from the Paeces 498 Structures derived from bamboo hogging Blood letting 430 Details of the frame stayed bridge trusses Head hunting 432 The first airplane made with a 464 Bamboo scissor bridge 499 Bamboo boats and rafts Castration of animals bamboo fuselage 466 Temporary bamboo bridge with different supports Bamboo internodes used as cupping Application of the mat 468 Construction of an emergency bamboo bridge 29 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF 523 Pharmacology 433 Mat application on the fuselage type "A" MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Therapeutic uses of the bamboo plant 434 Conclusions 470 -Construction of an emergency bamboo bridge Therapeutic uses of roots 435 Effect of interweaving bamboo strips in the type "Y" Therapeutic uses of rhizomes diagonal compression length 471 Construction of temporary bridges with pyramidal 503 Bamboo water wheel drive Therapeutic uses of culm shoots Bamboo airplane propellers supports Machinery 524 Therapeutic uses of bamboo culms 436 Bamboo fuel basket tanks for combat 472 Bamboo tripod supports used in the construction Water wheel drive Therapeutic uses of sap aircrafts-Manufacture of dikes 501 The Bamboo Noria (cylinder wheel) Therapeutic uses of culm water 439 The origin of the helicopter 473 Construction of bamboo bridges following old 502 Chinese bamboo noria 525 Therapeutic uses of bamboo leaves 24 models of wooden bridges developed in Europe Noria for hogh lifts Therapeutic uses of bamboo concretions and BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF Types of wooden bridges which can be built 503 The ox-drawn wheel-The water turned wheel secretions CHEMICAL ENGINEERING with bamboo 504 Bamboo windmills Tabashir -Chemical composition-Therapeutic use 476 Bamboo bridge with roof cover-Colombia Chinese horizontal and oblique 526 Manna secretion 477 Ulluco's bridge with roof cover-Colombia bamboo windmills Poisoning from bamboo 440 Bamboo paper-The use of bamboo tablets 478 Pereira's bamboo bridge -Colombia 505 Chinese oblique-axis bamboo windmills 527 Bamboo in Biomedical Engineering for writing 479 Bamboo Coquiyo's bridge 506 Vertical bamboo windmillS The future use of bamboo in orthopediC implants 441 The invention of paper 480 Bamboo mats used as geomembranes 507 Construction of the crank drive 528 Bamboo as a biomedical material The ancient technology of bamboo hand made in earthworks 508 Construction of the sail windwheel 532 Orthopedia-Bamboo Prosthesis paper in China Geosynthetics 509 Types of valves 442 Chinese paper making as illustrated in Bamboo mats 510 The use of bamboo in the construction 33 OTHER USES OF BAMBOO IN the 7th century book of machinery 444 -The traditional technology of hand made paper 26 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF Trunk sawing machine DIFFERENT FIELDS Bamboo fiber character ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Bamboo rolling bearings 445 Bamboo storage and material preparation 533 Bamboo in transportation 1. Chipping and material preparation 30 BAMBOO IN THE FIELD OF Bamboo bullock carts in India 446 Fuels derived from bamboo 481 -Bamboo flywheels for energy storage 534 Bicycle with bamboo frame -Brasil Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol) The use of bamboo in the construction of TEXTILES 535 Bamboo stylus (needle) used in phonographs 447 Liquid diesel fuel flywheels Bamboo spring lock Other products derived from bamboo 482 The modern flywheel 511 Undershirts and armors made with bamboo 536 Use of bamboo in cartography Activated charcoal absorbent 483 The potenCial use of bamboo in the construction 512 Bamboo cloth Bactericides and fungicides for meat products of flywheels The story of the bamboo and silk 537 BIBLIOGRAPHY Deodorants from bamboo Shape factors (K) for common flywheel design INTRODUCTION xv xiv One afternoon in 1963 at the end of the lecture which I gave to the It is very important to point out that Colombia is the only Introduction last semester students at the College of Agricultural Sciences of the country in Latin America which has still preserved most of its native National University of Colombia in Palmira, about the traditional uses of species, thanks to the Colombian Institute of atural Resources "guadua" (the vernacular name of our main giant bamboo species, Gua- (iNDERENA). In 1960, when our giant native bamboo species were dua angustifolia Kunth) in rural construction, one of the students asked on the brink of extinction due to the intensive destruction of the nat- me: What is guadua?, What is its origin? When he noted the surprise his ural bamboo plantations which began in the nineteen fifties, this question caused me, because I am an architect and he was almost an institute forbade the cutting of bamboo without its permission and agronomist, he told me, I have to write a thesis about guadua and so far fortunately this norm is still in force. I have not been able to find any botanical or technical information about This book is the result of many years of research that I have car- ried out at the National University of Colombia at the School of this plant in the library. I could not believe what he said. I could not believe that there were no Architecture, where I founded the CIBAM (Bamboo Research Cen- scientific or technical studies about the most useful of all our plants, ter); as a United Nations consultant in Ecuador and Costa Rica; as a which for centuries has contributed to the social and economic develop- consultant for the Acuerdo de Cartagena PADT -REFORT in Peru ment of Colombia, where about 60% of the total population of the cities and Bolivia, and in the libraries of several universities including and rural areas use this material not only in the construction of their Washington University in Canada, the University of Columbia in houses, but also in buildings, factories and in the construction of stables, New York, and the University of California in Berkeley, where I bridges, aqueducts and many other uses. received great collaboration. Based on my belief, I promised my student that I would get some This book includes some traditional applications of giant bam- information for his thesis. During several days, I visited the libraries of boos and some of the most important and advanced studies on this various universities including that of Natural Sciences in Bogota where I plant carried out in recent years by outstanding researchers from- found hundreds of books written by our botanists, even about plants China, India, Japan, Germany and United States in different fields. which have no economic value, but I could not find any botanical or tech- The first part of the book include: Anatomy and Physiology of nical information about our "guadua". My student was right and I became bamboo in which I received the collaboration and guidance of my frustrated because I could not help him with any information. Unfortu- friend and teacher Professor Dr. Walter Liese of Germany. I think nately, this student died in an accident two months later, not knowing that this is the most important part of the book because the anatomy that his questions were the seeds which created in me a great interest for and physiology of bamboo are the basis for understanding not only the study of our marvelous "guadua" in which I have spent many years of the structural behavior of bamboo, but also the thousands of differ- ent applications ofthis marvelous plant that has been considered to my life. What was the reason for the lack of interest of our botanists, agrono- be a gift of Gods since ancient times. mists and forestry universities in the study of this plant? I talked with sev- The other chapters deal with the use of bamboo in different fields eral forestry engineers who told me that at that time (1963), there were so of ancient and modern architecture, in different branches of engi- many large natural plantations of bamboo in our country that this plant neering, and in theconstruction of modern structures. It also consi- was considered to be a weed and the Cinderella of our natural resources ders its use inthe manufacture of new types of composite materials, since it was only used by poor people in the construction of their houses. which will generate new applications of bamboo in the future, and Consequently, nobody was interested in the study of this plant since it was finally its use in the field of medicine and as a biomedical material. considered a waste of time. For this reason, there was no technical or sci- I hope that this book will contribute to the technical and scienti- entific information about this plant. Therefore, students had not received fic study of our native giant bamboo species, to the development of any information about it from their professors at the university, not even many industries related to the manufacture of composite materials, about the way it could be cultivated. I became frustrated, because if there and the development of new types of structures, in Colombia and the was no information about this plant, how could I start studying it? other countries of the Americas where this marvelous plant can Several weeks later I received from my friend Dr. Guillermo Ramos grow. Nunez a small publication, "Bamboo as Construction Material" written in Finally, I want to dedicate this book with my deepest gratitude 1953 by Dr. Alonzo McClure at the U.S Department of Agriculture, to my student, who changed the direction of my life with his ques- Washington D.C In this publication, I learned that "guadua" was not a tions, to Dr. Walter Liese, to Mrs Ingrid Radkey of the University of tree (as it was believed to be in Colombia) but a giant grass, which was California and many other people of other institutions, who taught considered to be one of the best bamboos in the world for durability and and helped me in my reseach. strength. For me, this information opened the doors of that marvelous world of bamboo in which I have been wandering for many years and which has taken me to visit several countries of Asia such as Japan, China, the Phillipines, Taiwan and Indonesia, where I started my studies on bamboo. There has been little interest in this plant in Latin America as a result of the lack of technical and scientific information written in Span- ish about our native bamboo species, so most Latin American coun- tries have destroyed their native giant species up to the point that in most of them bamboo is on the brink of extinction like in Venezuela, Mexico and Guatemala. PART ONE The Bamboo Plant Sect 1 THE PLANT 2 Paleobotany Etymology Herbaceous and woody bamboos Bamboo orphology and Physiology 4 Leptomorph rizome 4 Pachymorph rhizome 6 Methamorph rhizome 8 The culm 8 Characteristics of the culm 11 Mathematical relations 14 Culm branches & Leaves 17 Anatomy of bamboo culm 19 Sect 2 BAMBOO FLOWERING 25 Sporadic and Gregarious Flowering 25 Gregarious flowering in the Americas 29 Sect.3 TAXONOMY - DISTRIBUTION OF - BAMBOOS IN THE WORLD 32 The most important species of Asia and the Americas 36 DNA and the identification 48 Sect. 4 BAMBOO ECOLOGY AND SILVICULTURE 50 Propagation methods 53 Tissue culture 58 Bamboo Hibridization 61 Management of stands 62 Cultivation of bamboo shoots 63 Sect.5 PESTS AND DESEASES IN LIVING lAND FELLED BAMBOOS 65 Decay Fungy and Insects which attack living bamboos Decay Fungy and Insects which attack felled bamboos 67 2 Part One- Section 1-The bamboo plant Part One- Section 1-The bamboo plant 3 THE BAMBOO PLANT Fig. 1.1 BAMBOOS AND TREES FROM TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE ZONES 1 A.- TROPICAL BAMBOOS (Pachymorph) B.-TEMPERATE BAMBOOS (Leptomorph) The culm generally is hollow but in few Culm species is solid or WHAT IS BAMBOO have small lumen Branch Node Bamboo is not a tree as it is considered by the majority Herbaceous and woody bamboos of people. but a giant arborescent grass, or in other words, a -t---Culm Culm bud The subfamily Bambusoideae is divided into two broad woody giant herbage. As such, it belongs to the family groups: The herbaceous bambusoid grasses, or herbaceous C,.amineae (Poaceae), subfamily Bambusoideae, whose (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)__- Node Culm leaf bamboos, that usually have soft culms, and the woody members possess a similar distinctive in the leaf blade bambusoid grasses or woody bamboos, or simply "bam- Phloem or sh"attl , f--jf+ anatomy. i.e., fusoid cells and arm cells, which sets the bam- boos". This latter group forms the tribe Bambuseae (See boo apart from grasses. All grasses that possess this ty-pe of Table 3-3) which have woody culms, usually hollow and leaf anatomy are known as "bambusoid grasses". They are divided by septums or diaphragms. They branch at the range from a few centimeters in height, such as those of nodes and usually reproduce from rhizomes that give rise to genera Raddiella which grow on wet rocks near rapids in new long-lived culms. They flower only after many years, at the Guianas, South America, to giant species up to 40 which time most of them produce seeds and then die, in the meters high, as Dendrocalamus giganteus, from India. majority of cases, while grasses only flower annually and most commonly reproduce by seed PALEOBOTANY or sprout In relation to the origin of the plant. Velenovsky claims Classification of the woody plants that the bamboo plant flourished in the Cretaceous period, The basic anatomical element of the plant is the cell.. when grasses and cereal appeared, just before the beginning The joining of cells forms the tissue, and the joining of tis- Rhizome bud of the Terciary period, when the first humans also appeared. sues forms the woody body or mass. As a woody grass, (Porterfield 1925). bamboo is a member of the woody plants, which also Fossils of Chusquea rolloti of the Tertiary were found in include trees (softwoods and hardwoods) and palms. All of the area of La Virginia near Girardot, Colombia (about '40 them have differences in their morphology, and also in their '\r---Rools kilometers from Bogota). (Berry 1929). According to Taylor & anatomical structure and tissue organization. Smoot (1984), the earliest recorded paleobotanical contribu- The woody plants are classified into two groups: Gym- Growing tion was the description of fossil "bamboo shoots" by the nospenns and angiosperms. The Gymnosper711s include the rhizome Rhizome neck Chinese scholar Shen Kua (1029-1093), publisl)ed in 1086 in coniferous species or "softwoods", which have needle like his work entitled "Dream Pool Essays". leaves, such as pines or scale-like leaves which, except for a Although the beginning of paleo-botany may be traced couple of species, remain on the tree throughout the year. to this work, it was not until the seventeenth century that The Angiosperms, are subdivided into two groups: C -TROPICAL TREES (HARD WOODS) D.-TEMPERATE TREES (SOFT WOODS) paleobotanical investigation began in Europe. Shen Kua dicotyledons and monocotyledons. Dicotyledons include reported in his work that in the year 1080 there was a land- the "hardwoods" which have broad leaves. They are often slide in China on the bank of a large river in Yung-Ning deciduous and shed their leaves in the fall or during the Kuang near Yenchow;" ... The bank collapsed, opening a winter, except in warmer regions, depending on the space of many meters, and under the gr'ound a Jm'est oj species. Bamboos and palms are the most important mem- bamboo was thus revealed. It contained several hundreds bers of the Monocotyledons. The palms include rattan, bamboos with their roots (rhizomes) and trunks (culms) which has solid but flexible stems and belongs to the clim- Bark complete, and all tllrned to stone. Now bamboos do not bing, spiny palms. Once the spines are removed, it is used in grow in Yenchow. Perhaps in very ancient times the climate the manufacture of furniture. Rattan has certain similarity was different so that the place was low, damp, gloomy, and with some bamboo species, but they are different, bamboos suitablefor bamboos ... " (Deng. 1976; Li. 1981). are generally hollow and rattan is solid. Besides the differences which exist in the anatomical ETYMOLOGY characteristics of the woody plants, they have also diffe- Resin canal rences in their growing process. The growing process of the The origin of the word "bamboo" is a puzzle to etymolo- woody plants is based on the formation of new cells by spe- gists. Some believe that this word is Malayan in origin and it cia1ized tissues known as meristems. For instance, in trees Fibers Ray tracheids is the onomatopoeic for bam-boom, the cracking sound made (softwoods and hardwoods), the initial growth of the plant by the culms when they are burned. With the heat, the air in is due to the primary or apical meristem which is later Vessels the sealed hollow bamboo internodes expands until they blow replaced by a lateral meristem known as cambium located Ray parenchyma apart. Other authors consider that the term "bamboo" had its origin in"mambu", the ancient Indian term for bamboo. between the bark and the wood. In bamboos there are not medular ray (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) cambium because bamboo does not grow in diameter, as will be explained in this chapter.

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