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Baldwin of Bourcq: Count of Edessa and King of Jerusalem (1100-1131) PDF

281 Pages·2022·4.654 MB·English
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Baldwin of Bourcq Baldwin of Bourcq left his home in France in 1096 to join the great crusade summoned by Pope Urban II for the liberation of the holy sites and Christian peoples of Syria and Palestine from the domination of the Muslim Turks. In 1100 he became ruler of the Franco-Armenian county of Edessa. In 1118 he succeeded to the kingdom of Jerusalem. In just over two decades this younger son of a minor French count had become one of only a dozen kings in Western Christendom. To defend the principalities of Outremer against their Turkish and Egyptian enemies he travelled thousands of miles and led his troops in over two dozen campaigns. He spent two extended periods in Turkish captivity, yet he outlived almost all of his fellow crusaders, and died leaving the succession to his kingdom secure. This is the first biography in any language of a remarkable man. Drawing on a wide range of narrative and documentary sources, it gives an account of Baldwin’s ancestry and life from his first recorded appearance up to his death in 1131. It explains the complex and shifting geopolitics of the principalities of Outremer and the Muslim territories around them, and explores Baldwin’s character as a ruler and leader in war, the significance of his wide-ranging kinship network, and the succession to the kingdom of Jerusalem. Baldwin of Bourcq will appeal to students, teachers and researchers in Medieval History, especially Crusade Studies and Military History. Alan V. Murray is Senior Lecturer in Medieval Studies at the University of Leeds. He is the author of The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099–1125 (2000) and The Franks in Outremer: Studies in the Latin Principalities of Syria and Palestine, 1099–1187 (2015), as well as over 60 articles on the crusades and the Latin settlements in Outremer. Rulers of the Latin East Series editors Nicholas Morton Nottingham Trent University, UK Jonathan Phillips Royal Holloway University of London, UK Academics concerned with the history of the Crusades and the Latin East will be familiar with the various survey histories that have been produced for this fascinating topic. Many historians have published wide-ranging texts that either seek to make sense of the strange phenomenon that was the Crusades or shed light upon the Christian territories of the Latin East. Such panoramic works have helped to generate enormous interest in this subject, but they can only take their readers so far. Works addressing the lives of individual rulers – whether kings, queens, counts, princes or patriarchs – are less common and yet are needed if we are to achieve a more detailed understanding of this period. This series seeks to address this need by stimulating a collection of political biographies of the men and women who ruled the Latin East between 1098 and 1291 and the kingdom of Cyprus up to 1571. These focus in detail upon the evolv- ing political and diplomatic events of this period, whilst shedding light upon more thematic issues such as: gender and marriage, intellectual life, kingship and gov- ernance, military history and inter-faith relations. Baldwin I of Jerusalem, 1100–1118 Susan B. Edgington Godfrey of Bouillon Duke of Lower Lotharingia, Ruler of Latin Jerusalem, c.1060–1100 Simon John The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century Sons of Saint-Gilles Kevin James Lewis Fulk and Melisende: King and Queen of Jerusalem Danielle Park Baldwin of Bourcq Count of Edessa and King of Jerusalem (1100–1131) Alan V. Murray Baldwin of Bourcq Count of Edessa and King of Jerusalem (1100–1131) Alan V. Murray First published 2022 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 Alan V. Murray The right of Alan V. Murray to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-367-54530-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-54531-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-08960-5 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003089605 Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of figures viii List of maps ix Preface x List of abbreviations xii A note on names xiv Introduction 1 Documentary and narrative sources 2 PART I Crusader (1096–1100) 11 1 Origins and ancestry 13 Who was Baldwin of Bourcq? 13 The counts of Rethel 15 Early life and kinship 18 2 The First Crusade (1095–1100) 23 Preaching and recruitment (1095–1096) 24 The course of the crusade (1096–1099) 28 PART II Count of Edessa (1100–1118) 37 3 The Franks on the Euphrates 39 The county of Edessa 39 Franco-Armenian society 44 Allies and enemies 45 Warfare and strategy 49 vi Contents 4 From expansion to defeat (1100–1108) 57 Armenian marriage: Morfia of Melitene 58 Alliances and kinship: Daibert of Pisa and Joscelin of Courtenay 60 Expansion in Mesopotamia (1103–1104) 62 Captivity and liberation (1104–1108) 65 5 Recovery and consolidation (1108–1118) 74 The spirit of jihād: the threat from Mosul (1108–1113) 75 New alliances: Roger of Antioch and Waleran of Bira (1113–1117) 78 Consolidation of the county (1114–1118) 81 The succession in Jerusalem (1118) 84 PART III King of Jerusalem (1118–1131) 91 6 The kingdom of Jerusalem 93 Accession and unction (1118) 94 Palestine and its people 96 Nobility and Church 99 The Muslim powers 101 7 From accession to coronation (1118–1119) 109 The government of the realm 110 The Terre de Suète (1119–1120) 114 The Field of Blood (1119) 116 The first expedition to Northern Syria (1119) 118 Coronation at Bethlehem (1119) 122 8 Between Jerusalem and Antioch (1120–1122) 128 The assembly at Nablus (1120) 129 Religious patronage 132 The second expedition to Northern Syria (1120–1121) 134 Tyre and Tripoli (1122) 138 The third expedition to Northern Syria (1122) 141 9 The years of crisis (1123–1124) 148 Capture and imprisonment (1123) 149 The kingdom under regency 150 The unstable throne (1123–1124) 152 Contents vii A fleeting freedom (1123) 155 The taking of Tyre (1124) 157 10 Liberty and restoration (1124–1125) 165 The campaign against Aleppo (1124–1125) 166 The Privilegium Balduini (1125) 169 The fourth expedition to Northern Syria (1125) 170 The king and the nobility 171 11 New horizons (1125–1129) 177 The war against Damascus (1126) 178 The fifth expedition to Northern Syria (1126) 181 Return to Jerusalem 182 The succession to the kingdom 185 12 Final conflicts (1129–1131) 195 The patriarchate of Jerusalem 195 The Damascus Crusade (1129) 197 The sixth expedition to Northern Syria (1130–1131) 199 Last illness, death and burial (1131) 203 Conclusions 207 Appendix 1: Genealogical tables 211 Appendix 2: The succession to the kingdom of Jerusalem in the Old French Crusade Cycle 215 Appendix 3: The reign of Baldwin of Bourcq in the Leeds Genealogical History Roll 219 Chronology 223 Bibliography 230 Index 252 Figures 3.1 Coin of Baldwin of Bourcq as count of Edessa 45 7.1 Coin of Baldwin of Bourcq as regent of Antioch 120 A.1 The family of Baldwin of Bourcq (simplified) 212 A.2 The wider kinship of Baldwin of Bourcq (simplified) 213 A.3 The Great Saljūq dynasty 214 A.4 The Artūqid dynasty 214 A3.1 The Reign of Baldwin of Bourcq as described in the Leeds Genealogical History Roll (right-hand column) 220 Maps 0.1 The Principalities of Outremer 3 1.1 Champagne and Neighbouring Areas 16 2.1 The Near East at the Time of the First Crusade 28 3.1 The County of Edessa 41 6.1 The Kingdom of Jerusalem 97 7.1 The Principality of Antioch 118

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