Bacterial vaccines

384 Pages·2003·3.842 MB·English

by  Ronald W Ellis, Bernard R Brodeur

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New Bacterial Vaccines
Ronald W. Ellis, Ph.D.
Shire Biologics Inc.
Northborough, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Bernard R. Brodeur, Ph.D.
Unité de Recherche en Vaccinologie
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec
Québec, Canada
LANDES BIOSCIENCE / EUREKAH.COM KLUWER ACADEMIC / PLENUM PUBLISHERS
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ISBN 0-306-47832-3
New Bacterial Vaccines edited by Ronald W. Ellis and Bernard R. Brodeur, Landes / Kluwer dual imprint /
Landes series: Medical Intelligence Unit
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
New bacterial vaccines / [edited by] Ronald W. Ellis, Bernard R. Brodeur.
p. ; cm. -- (Medical intelligence unit)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-306-47832-3
1. Bacterial vaccines.
[DNLM: 1. Bacterial Vaccines. 2. Drug Design. 3. Technology,
Pharmaceutical. WC 200 B1318 2003] I. Ellis, Ronald W. II. Brodeur,
Bernard R. III. Series.
QR189.5.B33B342 2003
615'.372--dc21
2003012218
To all the individuals over the last century who have
devoted themselves to the field of vaccinology and, in so doing,
have saved lives and enhanced the quality of life for innumerable
people worldwide.
CONTENTS
Preface .................................................................................................xv
1. Genomics and Proteomics in Vaccine Design.........................................1
John L. Telford, Mariagrazia Pizza, Guido Grandi
and Rino Rappuoli
A Brief History of Bacterial Vaccines.....................................................1
Genome Technologies in Vaccine Design..............................................2
From Genome to Vaccine Design .........................................................4
Proteomics in Vaccine Design...............................................................7
Identification of Antigens Important for Infection ................................8
Future Prospects....................................................................................9
2. Universal Proteins As an Alternative Bacterial Vaccine Strategy...........12
Bernard R. Brodeur, Denis Martin, Stéphane Rioux,
Nathalie Charland and Josée Hamel
Introduction........................................................................................12
Meningococcal NspA Protein..............................................................15
Group B Streptococcal Sip Protein......................................................19
Pneumococcal BVH Proteins..............................................................26
Conclusions.........................................................................................28
3. DNA Vaccines......................................................................................30
John J. Donnelly
Summary.............................................................................................30
Elements of the Technology................................................................30
Bacterial Vaccines................................................................................31
Results of Initial Clinical Studies.........................................................33
Adjuvants and Delivery Vehicles for DNA Vaccines............................34
Conclusions.........................................................................................37
4. Live, Attenuated Salmonella Vaccine Vectors.......................................45
Sims K. Kochi and Kevin P. Killeen
Introduction........................................................................................45
Live, Attenuated Salmonella Vaccines and Vectors...............................46
Summary.............................................................................................57
5. Mucosal Immunity...............................................................................63
Michael W. Russell
Introduction........................................................................................63
Distinct Features of the Mucosal Immune System...............................65
Strategies and Routes of Mucosal Immunization.................................68
Selected Approaches to Mucosal Immunization...................................69
Selected Applications of Mucosal Immunization.................................73
The Future for Mucosal Immunization...............................................74
6. New Technologies for Bacterial Vaccines.............................................80
Ronald W. Ellis
Introduction........................................................................................80
Live Vaccines.......................................................................................83
Subunit/Inactivated Vaccines ..............................................................84
DNA...................................................................................................88
Formulation of Antigens .....................................................................88
Conclusion..........................................................................................90
7. Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae Vaccines ..............93
Svend Birkelund and Gunna Christiansen
Summary.............................................................................................93
Chlamydia Biology and Diseases..........................................................93
Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention .................................................94
Chlamydia Surface-Exposed Components...........................................96
Humoral Immune Response to C. trachomatis.....................................98
Mapping of Neutralizing Epitopes on MOMP with Mouse MAbs......99
Humoral Immune Response to C. pneumoniae....................................99
Cellular Immunity to C. trachomatis, T-Helper Cell Response..........103
Cytotoxic T-Cell Response................................................................103
Vaccines............................................................................................103
Animal Vaccines and Vaccine Studies................................................104
Vaccine Development .......................................................................104
Conclusion and Perspectives..............................................................105
8. Escherichia coli Vaccines.....................................................................110
Myron M. Levine and Michael S. Donnenberg
Summary...........................................................................................110
Introduction......................................................................................110
Clinical Syndromes and Causative Agents.........................................111
Vaccine Development Strategies and Experience
with Vaccine Candidates...............................................................115
9. A Vaccine for Gonorrhea....................................................................128
P. Frederick Sparling, Christopher E. Thomas and Weiyan Zhu
Summary...........................................................................................128
Introduction: Gonorrhea Is a Persistent Clinical Problem .................128
Natural History of Infection..............................................................129
Surface Structures: Variability in Expression and Antigenicity...........129
Key Surface Antigens and Their Roles in Pathogenesis......................129
Stress Proteins ...................................................................................136
Lessons Learned about Expression of Gonococcal Antigens
from Studies of Infection in Patients and Human Volunteers........137
Summary: Pathogenic Strategies Employed by Gonococci
during Infection............................................................................139
The Immune Response......................................................................140
Animal Models for Studying Vaccines...............................................142
Possible Vaccine Candidates..............................................................142
Questions..........................................................................................143
Conclusions.......................................................................................145
10. Group A Streptococcus Vaccine Research: Historical Synopsis
and New Insights...............................................................................155
Sean D. Reid, Kimmo Virtaneva and James M. Musser
Group A Streptococcus Distribution, Disease Complexity,
Resurgence and Impact .................................................................155
Disease in the United States and Other Western Countries...............155
Resurgence of Invasive Disease..........................................................156
Replacement of GAS M Protein Serotype in Host Populations .........157
GAS Disease in Developing Countries ..............................................157
Historical Account of Early GAS Vaccine Efforts..............................158
Protective Immunity by Type-Specific IgG.......................................158
Nontype-Specific Protection and Mucosal Immunity........................159
Additional GAS Vaccine Candidates.................................................160
GAS Mediated Autoimmunity in Human Infection..........................163
Newly Described Extracellular Proteins and Antigens of GAS...........163
Post Genomic Strategies to Study Host-Pathogen Interactions..........165
Final Comments................................................................................167
11. Academic Pursuits of Vaccines against Group B Streptococcus............174
Lawrence C. Paoletti
Introduction......................................................................................174
Ecological Niches of GBS..................................................................174
Epidemiology of GBS Disease...........................................................174
GBS Targets of Protective Immunity.................................................176
Clinical Trials with GBS Vaccines.....................................................178
Target Populations to Receive GBS Vaccines ....................................184
Future of GBS Vaccine Research and Implementation......................185
Summary...........................................................................................186
12. Helicobacter pylori Vaccines ..............................................................192
Gabriela Garcia and Jacques Pappo
Summary...........................................................................................192
Host Immune Program and Disease Pathogenesis .............................192
Raison D’être for Vaccination ...........................................................193
Surrogate Models of Human Vaccine Efficacy...................................193
Vaccine Effector Pathways and Post-Immunization Gastritis.............195
H. pylori Vaccine Targeting and Antigen Discovery...........................196
Clinical Trials....................................................................................197
13. Lyme Disease Vaccine........................................................................202
Janine Evans and Erol Fikrig
Epidemiology and Ecology................................................................202
Bacteriology ......................................................................................203
Animal Models..................................................................................205
Pathogenesis......................................................................................205
Immunologic Response to the Spirochete..........................................206
Immunization ...................................................................................207
Mode of Action.................................................................................208
Human Trials....................................................................................208
Additional Considerations.................................................................210
Future Vaccines.................................................................................211
Note..................................................................................................212
14. Moraxella catarrhalis..........................................................................217
Timothy F. Murphy
Introduction......................................................................................217
Infections Caused by Moraxella catarrhalis.........................................217
Epidemiology and Respiratory Tract Colonization............................219
Immune Response to Infection..........................................................219
Animal Models..................................................................................220
Vaccine Development .......................................................................221
Future Directions..............................................................................224
15. Neisseria meningitidis Vaccines...........................................................229
Carl E. Frasch and Margaret C. Bash
Summary...........................................................................................229
Introduction......................................................................................229
Immunobiology of Meningococcal Infection.....................................230
Strategies for New Vaccines...............................................................232
Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines...................................................232
Vaccines for Group B........................................................................236
Genomics As a Vaccine Approach.....................................................238
Prospects for the Next Five Years.......................................................239
16. A Vaccine for Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae............................244
Allan W. Cripps and Jennelle M. Kyd
Summary...........................................................................................244
NTHI Infections and Disease............................................................244
Vaccination Strategies for Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae........248
Potential Vaccine Candidates............................................................249
Conclusions and Future Directions...................................................252
17. Vaccines for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.................................................260
Gregory P. Priebe and Gerald B. Pier
Secreted Products: Exotoxin A, Alkaline Protease, Elastase................260
LPS ...................................................................................................262
Mucoid Exopolysaccharide (MEP)....................................................265
Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs)...................................................266
Flagella..............................................................................................267
Pili ....................................................................................................268
Components of the Type III Secretion System..................................268
Other Aspects of Immunity to P. aeruginosa......................................269
Vaccine Approaches to Elicit Antibody-Mediated
and Cell-Mediated Immunity........................................................272
Considerations and Conclusions........................................................273
18. Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine ............................................................283
Jean C. Lee
Summary...........................................................................................283
Introduction......................................................................................283
Capsular Polysaccharide (CP)............................................................284
Poly-N-Acetyl Glucosamine (Polysaccharide Intercellular Adhesin)...288
Protein Vaccines................................................................................288
Toxoids.............................................................................................290
Conclusion........................................................................................291
19. Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines.....................................................294
James C. Paton and David E. Briles
Abstract.............................................................................................294
Introduction......................................................................................294
Polysaccharide Vaccines.....................................................................295
Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugate Vaccines.......................................297
Purified Protein Vaccines ..................................................................300
Combination Protein Vaccines..........................................................303
Mucosal Vaccination Strategies .........................................................304
DNA Vaccines ..................................................................................305
Concluding Remarks.........................................................................305
20. New Generation Tuberculosis Vaccines for Targeted Populations.....311
Uli Fruth and Michael J. Brennan
Mycobacterial Pathogenesis...............................................................311
Host Response to Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis..............312
The Problem of Persistent Infection with M.tuberculosis...................313
Lessons Learned from BCG Vaccine..................................................314
Improving the BCG Vaccine.............................................................315
Novel Vaccine Approaches................................................................316
Preclinical Testing of New TB Vaccines............................................319
TB Vaccines for Targeted Populations ..............................................320
Progress Towards the Clinical Investigation of Novel TB Vaccines ...320
Summary...........................................................................................321
21. Typhoid Vaccines...............................................................................326
Deborah House and Gordon Dougan
Introduction......................................................................................326
Epidemiology....................................................................................326
Licensed Typhoid Vaccines ...............................................................327
New Typhoid Vaccines .....................................................................331
The Future........................................................................................333
22. Vaccines against Vibrio cholerae.........................................................339
James D. Campbell and James B. Kaper
Overview...........................................................................................339
Immunobiology.................................................................................340
Strategies for a Cholera Vaccine Based on Epidemiology
and Immunobiology......................................................................341
Efforts to Date...................................................................................342
The Future........................................................................................345
Index..................................................................................................351