Baby Gorilla: Photographic and Descriptive Atlas of Skeleton, Muscles and Internal Organs

111 Pages·2014·12.538 MB·English

by  Rui Diogo, Juan F. Pastor, Adam Hartstone-Rose, Magdalena N. Muchlinski

A
tB BABY GORILLA
lA
a
B
AsB
tAB a Y BPAhBoYt GoOgrRaIpLLhAic and
Greolaritlilvaess, . toTgheisth ebro owkit,h wchhiicmhp aisn ztehees , fiarsret pohuor tocgloraspehstic livainndg las AtlatlasABYBAof SBy GorBAB GO PhDBBoAeAtBsoBYcgY rrG iaGpOpOthRiRviIceLI LL aALAnAtdlas of
dspophcplerfhios eeasytsGGdpdpvrsorsopphoccl eeeoppsiererffhhirirooso eellesgeeGdprsopheiyaaasasyytrrpuevvtopsccccllerfhie iittroo oosll ssiiiitelsillrriire,oovvaasyinreaaeetggree iiyfvvloeppeeccluu it yaessssoste elrrsiieolrirttssohvlssii ,,,,aed gtiinneaiyeep fvv..peolliue ssyy e caaeerossttuoeetttsmsfhii, , ooin dd ttesv pppTT f v.blooiiem y ggcccaeoostoeuuutehhtmmlffh so eeoid st pppTbbfs iisosommieccsst gocttouuttnull.hc hmhhfnsstoo ii t efs pssoosshtbiiutee meoTnnscseotcc bbuhhtnnttltehlrrsoi dhhttsgiuuxhfoooseeosoo see te neeu rtllc bhooeddnssggtsbwwxxtoo raht iueoeukk ko rr ttsaeyssossbbii peaaltt,,p odesegwxkkomm aahhyy foo tpphuk rrteelhsmmm sb iff ettawwehhst,eoet llkhhaehy occeehptsseeso tt hh reeemam hh thh fttet whpf ersh iiaalhtt oeeliiccpceffsshhs eommt hanhoollaehhhh r haat aag romiarrtamt tggppe icpfommsaa mmhtt mrollt rrwhaa haaolottiieawwlaoooreessllaaagp nnomaatasmgti sstg ii latt lrsazzaall lssatsilw yssllooyes laa ttuee aanuu a sss s hh sg i otoeessszaltttsaoaaooeee eeslyhhhf ft ea ssu innffttn f sht sttoomtom o ,, esthhaoaaehooe aoh rrfffraa seeaoniissfttt uue aoaasttoumrr oo ,nnho ..dassnott rr .ndr ftmmpp ayyTT eeeotteismtp uttyaTr eothhhh n .hhdrstyyh hro hmrpn ooeeyyppbbTeteeeoo tnoerb hhe tt hhaaaa hhssruuiyccoo t ganoeahpsboobbeennecuoo rroogg i t behanttyyua hddsomungmmcorrbboocc oybaa endum romgarbooggapp ll teeyppooa dm oomrbooolrronaaac p avvhhff aaepossogkk aosaplrroonepoiiappeeovhfssaaccor naaka nallvhsfahhrssso uu ittk aasnnsraconiidi aattapeiittvvalsaccc arryy u iialtdtt hsanooee eeu tn illa allnntuivaa atiiinnt r tvyvvic drpptyaaaaaahiodessetnoeleaa ii l laaa nnnnppnneeea int int rrvpaaqhprraaahddggeeddisssyysarattiaapnuennpne eerrrrdgediedeisysyrrtt of Skeleton, Mus of Skeleton, M of Skeleton, M GORILLA: PhotBY GORILLA: Phkeleton, Muscilla: Photographic and DeY GORILLA: PhoRILLA: Photog SSInSIckknDDalckuSDIeePdlndueeePuIIllcikhdenlnnIeessllithugnen oes ccgttttdgCoIo clitoteoetrTrCnnreo etoTriigirsrnnl ppo clittsrnnnCgaap,,coentstgTn a raa,,s tiMiMn rsraan hvvlsliMacan u vnlpaeea,uuOOm dnnpe au O h dsssMcaAA h rroslnciaccAmrgog ttcsnicullmO gtllcpdaaa eelaaa lpana scenrnasasadrossinrsncs m sssigoo n saad slnooot paahe dnonnwa ffe rnnwisrfddti shipdt so hrani m nwaidttehs
aftmrdaactuoheobenrun etsnot m sca eCaaftmftmrrdadachcaaccttatuuouohheeactrlloobbienenriraeooTnsiluun n eetittsspuoennaftmrdaacctboot t mm rdstsuohassccaa eeCCe ocaalottbenerlnduusuteeoaaiccttorrun eiitaatseehcrhTTnnniillot ttiimc. a otsssppuuooeeybbsca eC srrdd daiaeaatu eattelccomaeellnndd ctrssuuittkaeii oooeTnlittl tihhccIrhhmnspuoe cc..naa oorrbtt erdtfsssa ddsy aasiieeoeet ee caaselndllsoommu tti lkko oteec llthhcbll heIIrrrmmnnc o.a o rnnaatuweettsoi ssdrssaryyisseeeooee atgsslomf ttsipllkd oo acc efttbblii lee p irrIr oomncas vvniuua wwlteootiihrrrresnslytleesottggu tffsoasseeii pp ddt haalffsi oppiicb otnbi,cceraaii o ollttdfssvuuhhweenn llttlloeitruurtttbaaeal ttg hhf..rsenssii ipybbdooonns,,asetf oo pidduueuc aibeei ltttssbbhisaaellnttTTesgltl,rrvnnutyyoonass ssee ch y.ksieeuubo bbsn,sshh yo iiossddeeggu,,ag vvtennt ieb ccual yytTokkaueet ,rnyol yysoooseddn aagg ttueul iieeebshfoo paaizsiruutte,,eg,llvoocn nnsd cuupp tellyke ffmppozziirrepee ytoidtccag ss ddt ietteerroosioo ooaeeupptt,ftGdrrspodaottpahcctpii;rlttoeen n uoh o ee oohuooplssii ooplon erenfhrinttifoopppzr;;irrroe2nnoson elhletscssmhh tsdenr aast ynn tmenn riisoerrts22rooo,ca eClle ephhvmmtpittoatee)ccltfe it ssoooeeea aootlo,,rsees iii iaoeg t))lri rffTnoivolp;rooaiaarn hmaesnnpoiegs eiybafhgg rd t hn nnpaaeiarrun mmreii2toaacffsysilenhd esrttmuohhnntotie onntteetssoretyyiisnicooh,,,e ttocd.ai noor etcrro)sfnn, fov.s ald ooddaioolgenccoo sse ,,ag y assleo msaatggdoaremt im el laltfhldddaIt rtmhnonmm lld tllnnttatedduaamprTotttyi sottosiuummyrrg stooe rsgc no taullenodho opaacmco ftseebnn,ir ppdsaag ooa rregddsv ypuggoowbo itrrdumtteepuum csleelrtdfppodsaeturriddupttduuossltefoo umr leepoyihllyy scoi a on lnnt fsloshooossesssssatlhhhenu ttpe bbbaa nr hd,,,ssgso.ic bhppbonpnftt ot ccdueecggrii euegp hhhtssreidhsuu llbsoeoall oss tTese lymnyhhoiisshhsnshlliesh ollsaayyse odhccbsuugay ws xee hbocu is eeg,,sccoo ttnpyyiic ou k ytkrtc yegei irrsaasaaobhsuu mmiygg ss drlaaag sumgtoo, ieesffsscchkiso haaotlhy, oaafscayo ttp nncndu dd hh eap l etf mm pmmzciiihhdo iiehttooftyaactiwh sd nnmccihoo irratolahhha eumgoee--epstcentceoo seeef ohstcffeo-nnhioqqetaaooaoddp;rhnnhppnte ntee rdf sh nnhn r qnaiiamdrihtin2aarr toplhaeem ssicpntnfeuusllrrnhcsoe o maah e oesslar-tt )sho a uhiiattlennn f..aiig naass a q aaaaosrrtggdvv inhhpafgnnhrr ep tnntomntaenm.tiyiasoarta ,, vrwwsaa nnnhrunaaalr llrdii ol caatsaai,awttu s satogo iinnesla ,itdwannnee.i llttataaslttatttarrgaavtusmtrgoh hh ittnpp r mt iyy hhiilzalaaasttiin ep::a strrl,rdtwvvtyagnralaai teeehtatapaoouu eet e,, pydnnhuii srrhnsoll etyi:11eo eeartevtst stsrhaooottea ssaa bhetep ;;o ,sehy,aahpinfar iitsciei aa:)) srnf naatv 1l e soottatomppecch iso 33ho te,,lsa na h ll;rclaaaoea nn1 iecro srrtddfy i)a nn oathhoosraaeao u))isog;ttuspooaaaacoee3rfscttio anldd) a atee . ndds hotsstaeepeellrc rd3mihi tiion mrrnnp lhyo cToooae)th ennen-oat redaa etgg nfhccn--ohh rrqao) npe hoae raaneysuueggetlarccoodssin oerneulprlloob uuaa soaeeeo dl stn issitrnnatt i nnaosg yyt allc -hgarnffh anhr sua coffgooarrnnuuc-r g ,w-- ancosloibate aan utuiig loroiiuiangcoswwtteloaataaqqhtutamms oossddttyh tpdmyylsm hhhiartttfbton:yrl vffornuc eao ef hhnn nn,uueo-r nunuueeiirlog- 1 eaeeip l oo ttoiyyeswapoi t;owaaatmosdoaaqreeddddaeeimhho)sd ssanssathpvchtfh3a--rt,, sfflak n srdhn nrhn nuoh o u e iuiei)peoaestaceedoo tt ayyealeelihsrnedd e uh eddohstssns anag-cn-ir,-fat,fiatuvgcosc r y luai dtsoetenyl lf lornua i- nt iivwptaaaaaqhmosdshaian nnnpnueueeieortyrddgdedeihsssy-r,ft scles and Internal Organs uscles and Internal Organuscles and Internal OrgansAtlas of Skeleton, Muscles and Internographic and Descriptive otographic and Descriptiveles and Internal Organs scriptive atlas of Skeleton, Muscles and internaBABY GORILLA: Photographic and Detographic and Descriptive raphic and Descriptive aSIdnuaackDllItdduaePn gdeuudIcolihBnllnresulttgiulo l AclttCgagtdoets TrooBig, oni srrrnhopcYgiinugalrl, mll tni CraaaGlsiMalas sTvalnaO,, s npse usO dhha,c h RnsucuhAadroimmcIu nmgtocLlmstlpaaa heaL aanenaarnsrAisssnn snp so dsraaadnoi m nnancwfaddonitdt ehmdoos ttpohhateehrrrie sprpo rrpniimrm iwmaaitttaehetsses
6Su0i0te0am 3Bb0uroo0sk,u ecBntou cSltaooh uRsenakdt oe Ponla,er rFiktgLwa i3anl3 ys,,4 tN8re7Wuvc otulurteiosn o,f mhoomdeorlno ghyu maaKnnd2s 2.9v2a7riations of the s Magdalena N. MuchlinskiMagdalena N. Muchlinski al Organs Adam Hartstone-RoseAdam Hartstone-RoseMagdalena N. Muchlinski Magdalena N. Muchlinskl organsAdam Hartstone-RoseRui Diogo • Juan F. PastorRui Diogo • Juan F. PastorMagdalena N. Muchlinskiscriptive Adam Hartstone-RoseRui Diogo • Juan F. PastoAdam Hartstone-RoseRui Diogo • Juan F. PastorRui Diogo • Juan F. Pastor Rui DiRRoguuoRii •uDD iJMu iiRDooaangggui dooFoi.a g PlD•e•oans iaJJt•oMMo uuN rgaaJ. aaM •uoMnngg Aa au ddd•FFncg..aaah dmPllPlJFiMee.nau aa HnsnPlsaskaaeaaaittrnngto o ssNN adrtrtFo.o . .a •N •n MrMPle . eA-A a•uRuMndd soccAasaauthhedo mmcllNaiihrnn m. lHHs •siMnkk aa HAsiirruktatdcssirathttoomslnitnno eeHsn--kRReai-oorRtsssoeetsoene-Rose
711 Third Avenue 9 781482 232974 i r
New York, NY 10017
an informa business 2 Park Square, Milton Park 9 781482 232974
www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK 9 978 71841824 8223 22937924 798714482 232974
A ScieNce PUBLiSheRS BOOK
Baby Gorilla: Photographic and
Descriptive Atlas of Skeleton,
Muscles and Internal Organs
Including CT scans and comparison
with adult gorillas, humans and other primates
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Baby Gorilla: Photographic and
Descriptive Atlas of Skeleton,
Muscles and Internal Organs
Including CT scans and comparison
with adult gorillas, humans and other primates
• Rui Diogo • Juan F. Pastor
• Adam Hartstone-Rose • Magdalena N. Muchlinski
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
GL--Prelims with new title page.indd ii 4/25/2012 9:52:40 AM
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140723
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-3298-1 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-
lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy-
ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Preface
Gorillas, together with chimpanzees, are our closest living relatives. This book is
the first photographic and descriptive musculoskeletal atlas of a baby for any non-
human primate species, being particularly relevant after the remarkable discovery
of a 3.3 million-year-old fossilized human child at Dikika, Ethiopia (“Lucy’s
baby”). The book therefore adopts the same format as our photographic atlases
of adult gorillas, chimpanzees, hylobatids and orangutans, which are part of a
series of monographs that will set out the comparative and phylogenetic context
of the gross anatomy and evolutionary history of the soft tissue morphology of
modern humans and their closest relatives. As the previous books of this series,
the present atlas includes detailed high-quality photographs of musculoskeletal
structures from most anatomical regions of the body as well as textual information
about the attachments, innervation, function and weight of the respective muscles.
However, it includes additional information and photographs about the internal
organs and skin, as well as CT-scans. The book will be of interest to students,
teachers and researchers studying primatology, comparative anatomy, functional
morphology, zoology, and physical anthropology and to medical students, doctors
and researchers who are curious about the origin, evolution, homology and
variations of the musculoskeletal structures of modern humans.
Rui Diogo, 4 June 2014, Washington DC
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge support and funding from all of the institutions and
funding bodies that made this project possible; we especially acknowledge support
for RD’s research via a Howard University College of Medicine start-up package.
We particularly acknowledge the Bioparc Valencia for providing the baby gorilla,
and Dr. Jose Manuel Montes (University of Valladolid) for doing the CT-scans.
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgements vii
1. Introduction and Aims 1
2. Methodology and Material 3
3. Head and Neck Musculature 6
3.1 Mandibular musculature 6
3.2 Hyoid musculature 8
3.3 Branchial musculature 15
3.4 Hypobranchial musculature 20
3.5 Extra-ocular musculature 23
4. Pectoral and Upper Limb Musculature 25
5. Trunk and Back Musculature 49
6. Diaphragmatic and Abdominal Musculature 53
7. Perineal, Coccygeal and Anal Musculature 55
8. Pelvic and Lower Limb Musculature 58
9. Internal Organs, Skin and Fat 68
Appendix I: Literature Including Information about the Muscles of Gorillas 71
Appendix II: Literature Cited, Not Including Information about the Muscles of Gorillas 79
Index 81
About The Authors 87
Color Plate Section 89