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PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF TRADITIONAL HERBS: A PLAN FOR
DEVELOPING AGRICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES IN INDL\N COUNTRY
by
Anita Lisa Hayden
Copyright © Anita Lisa Hayden 2001
A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the
DEPARTMENT OF ARID LANDS RESOURCE SCIENCES
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY
In the Graduate College
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
2001
UMI Number 3023518
Copyright 2001 by
Hayden, Anita Lisa
Ail rights reserved.
A)
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2
THE UNIVERSITV OF ARIZONA 0
GRADUATE COLLEGE
As nenbers of the Final Exanination Connlttee, we certify that we have
read the dissertation prepared by Anita L» Hayden
entitled Production and Marketing of Traditional Herbs; A Planf or
Developing Agricultural Opportunities In Indian Country
and reconnend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation
requlrenent for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
y-n - o )
Date
2
—
Date
Tronstadt P Date
Dennis T. Date
Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon
the candidate's subnission of the final copy of the dissertation to the
Graduate College.
I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under
direction and reconend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation
requlrenent.
Dis8r€ tation D1 Joseph J. Hoffmann, PhD Date
3
STATEMENT BY AUTHOR
This dissertation has been submitted in partial flilfillment of requirements for an
• advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library
to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.
Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission,
provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for
extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be
granted by the copyright holder.
SIGNED:
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am indebted to many people and organizations for their assistance in this
research. Primarily, to the members of my graduate advisorya nd dissertation committees
who encouraged me to persevere, despite the unconventional approach oft he work. Both
the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and the Eller College of Business and Public
Administration at the University of Arizona have been particularly supportative.
I am also honored by the collaboration and parmership of Guillermo Quiroga,
without whose commitment this project would never have happened.
The faculty, staff and students of the Controlled Environment Agriculture Center
of the University of Arizona also deserve hearty thanks for theird edication and loving
care of the various medicinal herb crops grown in the aeroponic system. Thank you,
Paula Costa and Chris Pagliarulo!
The statistical analysis was done by Cheryl Hayden, PhD, my good friend and
sister. She also kindly provided much editorial and technical help.
Finally, I must express gratitude to my family and friends, particularly Z Woods,
who spent endless hours assisting me with the difficult challenges,d irty grunt work and
discouraging ups and downs of graduate work and scientific research. It will soon be time
to celebrate.
This work was supported in part by three Small Business Innovation Research
Grants, two from the USDA (99-33610-7472 and 00-33610-8868) and one from the
National Institutes of Health (1-R43-AT-322-1).
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DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to the memory of my father, Joseph L. Hayden, who
inspired those near him through his gentle respect for the land and unwavering optimism
for the future. He taught me that a forest was more than an assembly of organisms to be
studied, but rather a living model of strength, resiliency and fertility; providing shelter, a
bounty of renewable treasures, and a wealth of natural wonder and beauty for future
generations of Earth's inhabitants.
6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES 10
LIST OF FIGURES 12
ABSTRACT 14
1. INTRODUCTION 16
1.1. Background and Significance of the Problem: Development and
Commercialization of Herbal Crops 16
1.2. Overview of the Herbal Dietary Supplement Market 22
1.3. Recognizing Needs in Native American Communities 26
1.4. Research Approach 30
1.5. Specific Aims of the Research 31
2. DEVELOPING AEROPONICS FOR HIGH VALUE ROOT CROPS 32
2.1. Horticultural Research Approach 38
2.2. Experimental Design 39
2.3. Methods and Materials 41
2.3.1. Horticultural Systems .47
2.3.1.1. Soilless Medium Controls Design .47
2.3.1.2. Aeroponic Unit Design 48
2.3.1.3. Seed Source & Germination 50
2.3.1.4. Transplanting 51
2.3.1.5. Grow-out 52
2.3.1.6. Harvest 55
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TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued
2.3. L7. Processing 57
2.3. L8. Statistical Analysis 57
2.4. Results 58
2.4.1. Biomass Yields 58
2.4.1.1. Above-Ground Parts 59
2.4.1.2. Roots 61
2.4.2. Phytochemical Analysis 63
2.4.2.1. Method Development 70
2.4.2.2. Sample Extraction and Analysis 74
2.4.2.3. Phytochemical Data Analysis 75
2.5. Production Method Research Conclusions 78
3. SECURING RAW MATERLVL SUPPLY: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN
INDIAN COUNTRY 81
3.1. Economic Development Approach 82
3.2. Economic Development Research Goals 84
3.3. Materials and Methods 85
3.3.1. Key Elements of the Project-Tribes, IDAs, and a Private Company ....85
3.3.LI. The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma 85
3.3.1.2. The Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona 87
3.3.1.3. Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) 88
3.3.1.4. Private Capital Investor. 90