Awara Phonology and the Awara Verbal System

143 Pages·1.039 MB·Papuan-English

by  Quigley Edward C., Quigley Susan R.

THE AWARA VERBAL SYSTEM
by
Susan R. Quigley
Bachelor of Arts, The King's College, 1987
A Thesis
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
of the
University of North Dakota
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Master of Arts
Grand Forks, North Dakota
December
2002
Copyright 2002 Susan R. Quigley
ii
This thesis, submitted by Susan R. Quigley in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts from the University of North Dakota, has
been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and
is hereby approved.
(Chairperson)
This thesis meets the standards for appearance, conforms to the style and format
requirements of the Graduate School of the University of North Dakota, and is hereby
approved.
Dean of the Graduate School
Date
iii
PERMISSION
Title The Awara Verbal System
Department Linguistics
Degree Master of Arts
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate
degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University
shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive
copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my
thesis work or, in his absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the
Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this
thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written
permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the
University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in
my thesis.
Signature _____________________________________
Date _____________________________________
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures................................................................................................................ix
List of Tables..................................................................................................................x
List of Abbreviations and Special Symbols....................................................................xii
Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................xiii
Abstract.........................................................................................................................xv
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................1
2 Brief Description of Phonology................................................................................4
2.1 Phonemes and Orthography.........................................................................4
2.2 Morphophonemic Processes........................................................................5
2.3 Tables Showing Variation in Verbs.............................................................7
3 Overview of Syntax and Morphology.....................................................................11
3.1 Clauses .....................................................................................................11
3.2 Verbs........................................................................................................12
3.3 Serial-Verb Constructions.........................................................................14
3.4 Subordinate-Dependent Clauses................................................................15
3.5 Anaphoric Pro-verbs Based on ting 'be'.....................................................16
3.6 Classifiers.................................................................................................16
3.7 Classifier and Noun Phrases......................................................................17
3.8 Postpositions.............................................................................................20
4 Clause Types..........................................................................................................22
4.1 Active Clauses..........................................................................................22
4.2 Stative Clauses..........................................................................................23
4.2.1 Stative Clauses with Non–Verbal Predicates................................23
4.2.2 Stative Clauses with Non–Inflecting Existential Verbs.................24
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4.2.3 Stative Clauses with Inflecting Verbs...........................................24
4.3 Independent Clauses..................................................................................25
4.4 Dependent Clauses....................................................................................27
4.4.1 Subordinate–Dependent Clauses..................................................27
4.4.2 Cosubordinate-Dependent Clauses...............................................28
5 Modal Nouns.........................................................................................................32
5.1 =nangäsä 'deontic'....................................................................................34
5.2 =nangän 'deontic'.....................................................................................36
5.3 =nage 'purpose'.........................................................................................37
5.4 Types of Meaning in Modal Nouns...........................................................39
6 Verb Subcategories................................................................................................41
6.1 Morphological Pattern...............................................................................41
6.2 Valence.....................................................................................................42
6.2.1 Intransitive Verbs.........................................................................43
6.2.2 Transitive Verbs...........................................................................44
6.2.3 Semitransitive Verbs....................................................................47
Semitransitive Verbs with No Object-Indexing Prefix..............49
Semitransitive Verbs with Optional Object-Indexing Prefix......49
Semitransitive Verbs with Obligatory Object-Indexing Prefix..51
6.2.4 Ditransitive Verbs........................................................................52
6.2.5 Benefactive Verbs........................................................................53
6.3 Inherent Aspect.........................................................................................54
7 Verbal Morphology................................................................................................56
7.1 Derivational Verb Stem Morphology.........................................................56
7.1.1 Lexical Compounding..................................................................56
7.1.2 Benefactive Compounds...............................................................58
7.1.3 Verbs formed with –ta 'become'...................................................61
7.2 Verbal Inflection.......................................................................................62
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7.2.1 Object-Indexing Prefixes..............................................................62
7.2.2 Verb Suffix Classes......................................................................66
7.2.3 Subject-Indexing Suffixes............................................................67
7.2.4 Final-Verb Subject–Indexing Suffixes..........................................69
Tense Suffixes..........................................................................69
Imperative Mood Suffixes........................................................73
Irrealis Suffixes........................................................................78
7.2.5 Medial-Verb Subject–Indexing Suffixes.......................................80
Same-Subject Suffixes..............................................................81
Different-Subject Suffixes........................................................82
7.2.6 Aspect Suffixes............................................................................83
–ga and –ka 'Dynamic Imperfective'........................................83
–xät 'Static Imperfective'..........................................................87
Distinction between the Dynamic and Static Imperfectives.......88
7.2.7 Temporal Suffixes........................................................................89
–gämäta 'Persistent'.................................................................90
–hi 'Durative'............................................................................91
–nage 'soon'..............................................................................93
8 Subordinate–Dependent Clauses............................................................................95
8.1 Complement Clauses.................................................................................95
8.2 Adverbial Clauses.....................................................................................98
8.2.1 Temporal Clauses.........................................................................99
8.2.2 Locative Clauses........................................................................100
8.2.3 Manner Clauses..........................................................................101
8.2.4 Reason and Purpose Clauses......................................................101
8.2.5 Conditional Clauses...................................................................102
9 Cosubordinate Clauses followed by Postpositions................................................103
10 Negation..............................................................................................................105
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10.1 Scope of Negation...................................................................................105
10.2 Negation with Modal Nouns....................................................................107
11 Serial-Verb Constructions....................................................................................109
11.1 Distinguishing Serial-Verb Constructions from Clause Chains................110
11.2 Serial-Verb Constructions and Compound Verbs....................................113
11.3 Serial Verbs Encoding Complex Events..................................................114
11.4 Serial Verbs Encoding Direction.............................................................116
11.5 Serial Verbs Encoding Specific Aspects..................................................117
11.6 Ambient Serial-Verb Constructions.........................................................119
11.7 Preceding Motion Verb Constructions.....................................................120
11.7.1 Motion Serial-Verb Constructions..............................................120
11.7.2 Motion Serial Verb-Phrase Constructions...................................121
11.7.3 äng-Motion Serial Verb-Phrase Constructions...........................123
11.7.4 Reduplication of Motion Verb....................................................123
Appendix: Allomorphs of Unvoiced Stop–Initial Suffixes and Clitics..........................124
References...................................................................................................................126
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 General Locality Map.......................................................................................1
Figure 2 Language Map..................................................................................................2
Figure 3 Subcategorization Frames for Agent–oriented Semitransitive Verbs...............47
Figure 4 Subcategorization Frames for Patient–oriented Semitransitive Verbs..............48
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Vowel Phonemes...............................................................................................4
Table 2 Consonant Phonemes.........................................................................................4
Table 3 Template for Tables Showing Variation in Verbs...............................................7
Table 4 ˜–, t–, and p– Final Verbs..................................................................................8
Table 5 mut 'throw'.........................................................................................................8
Table 6 mi˜ 'give'...........................................................................................................9
Table 7 p-Final Motion Verbs.........................................................................................9
Table 8 Verbs with Monosyllabic and Disyllabic Stems...............................................10
Table 9 ku˜Å˜ 'die'.......................................................................................................10
Table 10 Classifiers......................................................................................................17
Table 11 Classifiers with Abstract Nouns.....................................................................17
Table 12 Number Object Prefixes.................................................................................62
Table 13 Person/Number Object Prefixes.....................................................................63
Table 14 dup 'see'.........................................................................................................64
Table 15 sipmäng 'hit'..................................................................................................65
Table 16 hang 'bite/cook'.............................................................................................65
Table 17 Verb Suffixes..................................................................................................66
Table 18 Subject–Indexing Suffixes Occurring on Verbs..............................................68
Table 19 Tense, Modality and Different-Subject
Suffixes followed by Subject-Indexing Suffixes.............................................69
Table 20 Present Tense.................................................................................................70
Table 21 Past Tense......................................................................................................71
Table 22 Future Tense..................................................................................................72
Table 23 Default Imperative Mood................................................................................73
Table 24 Immediate Imperative Mood..........................................................................75
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