Avian medicine : principles and application

1398 Pages·1994·146.8 MB·English

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AVIAN MEDICINE:
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION
BRANSON W. RITCHIE, DVM, PhD
Assistant Professor Avian and Zoologic Medicine
Department of Small Animal Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
GREG J. HARRISON, DVM
Director, The Bird Hospital
Lake Worth, Florida
President, Harrison’s Bird Diets
Omaha, Nebraska
LINDA R. HARRISON, BS
Editor, Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians
Lake Worth, Florida
©1994 Wingers Publishing, Inc., Lake Worth, Florida
WINGERS PUBLISHING, INC.
Post Office Box 6863, Lake Worth, Florida 33463-6863
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 93-60501
ISBN 0-9636996-0-1
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AVIAN MEDICINE: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION ISBN 0-9636996-0-1
© 1994 by Wingers Publishing, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
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93-60501.
MG) SS ce I GG A ah el
Contents
(Ccroi nUOr sam eri... yok be eee oeo a ee eka) oe 9 Prologue
INGKMOWLEAPEIMENtS 1 camer] Gaten nie eei ene che area ee 11 AVIAN CONSERVATION:
Ore word ann PreGes os tKHATiRI | 13 THES VETERINARIANS: ROLE wus twoAs btonea 3 17
IEr Efacenr testy eyen aaNeOEE tOIE, ois1 5 Robert Groskin
IManrandsbirdse rete SRE fbn cen see NED cielb 2 oe 18
Conservation Biology “armaai smlatee eeade. .2 c s 20
mi SECTION ONE _T HE COMPANION BIRD
Hee AVIAN PATIENT os 5 ete)od es 26 PERSPECTIVE ON PARROT BEHAVIOR ...... 96
Ross A. Perry Greg J. Harrison
Selection of Companion Birds .............. Ail Behaviorinithe Waildiere 6, sake ae. cee ee ee 97
(hesHomeHnvironmentisces cs anwar naitaeca=ni s., 33 Companion,Bird| Behavior 4 ...13.- + «eae eeke- > = 100
Trainin Grek we eee AWE rte es ahs 3. 2 101
me MMCAVIAN FLOCK’ 7... quteul wactekua&ns ®a g 45
Behavioral Modification#ira-is Sac Eee. 5. 104
Susan L. Clubb, Keven Flammer
Block: Preventive Medicine ~ Ree: sf) Gee sw 2 46 DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Evaluating and Treating Flock Problems ........ 59 OF THEVAVTANUAOGT. <2o.> e.ae. 3; 109
Helga Gerlach
RUM CIO ie Aso Reid. tes ate Gl acetate VE 9 65 is 63
INonspecificiDefense, <2. ANI Here. Bees oe 110
Randal N. Brue
SpecitieMefense 242.5 Siss Giiy Gees, cates moans 114
WWVEiteTaies terres Fane Pode Mates fe, eee echt atts may ha tase wec and6 5 Disturbance of the Defense System .......... 119
Nutrient Interrelationships 9". + oe 2 oe = 66
Methods for Determining FUTURE PREVENTIVE MEDICINE ......... 121
Nutrient: Requirements) 44). u.y. -)a bie©s. 69 Branson W. Ritchie
Current Nutritional Knowledge ............. 73 Overviewsot DNA‘andtRNAL Sites eames «5 6 22,
Essential Nutrients DNAsProbewWechnology: 7.44 ©. hioee ose eae 122
and Their Biological Functions ............ 78 AVACCIIVGS: Aan mara cote irae Os CR en ne are ee 126
AnGimnienbioa MOTsi g ea urin tiarserceeete inea hhaas esax enn a teceya aT PH
gm SECTION TWO _ PATIENT EVALUATION
ee PRACTICE DYNAMICS i: 20, BurraA cieros < 131 11 IBTOCHIEMISTRIEES = te 1 Maccarone 223
Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney Manfred Hochleithner
Getting tartedwesar cw tae teen ee ah ee ithe 132 IuaboratorysConsiderationsiies oergss ee. creel1 s 224
Accommodating the Avian Patient .......... 136 Reference Values - Reference Intervals ........ 225
Environmental Responsibility ............. 142 Py pesrOfy LES tli S, sme S PP Memeo sores sachets cnn closeups 226
Undies heats, tht sass,s eus pata eke aera < miaars) 2aKh
8 MAKING DISTINCTIONS
IN THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION ......... 144 12 IMAGING TECHNIQUES. Sr.a tes wos2 46
Greg J. Harrison, Branson W. Ritchie Marjorie C. McMillan
ANAMNESIS) 2.2 ines SAOae Le 145 fechnicali@onsiderations yy) cotsussie .ney) ce s ae2 47
Physicaliixamination —.)2. 5 1 een ies os 147 Radiographic Interpretation .............. 249
@ontrastsProcedures: Vents, ee, eee seni Gliny os 256
SU TAR NTAT OLOGY | terre nce h tac came ele og toeo c 176
Alternative LmMaging Gets: vel FRE Risse <A) «ye2 60
Terry W. Campbell Radiographic Anatomy and Abnormalities ...... 261
Processing the Avian HematologicSample ...... sUEY
13 ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Interpretation ofthe Avian Hemogram ........ 188
ANDI BIOPSY DECHNIQUBS*. (250 os oc cess 327
Evaluation of the Hematopoietic Tissue ....... 191
Michael Taylor
ONCOLOGY oe a aes eighnenta onc 199
Clinical Applications of Endoscopy .......... 339
Terry W. Campbell Biopsy, lechniquesterinrs catrterr asset -ec. <iseches. - 347
Sample Collectiontwnai-t.1 gue See sod a eee 200
14 INECROPSY, EXAMINATION 0, clus net ) so. 355
Evaluation of the CytologicSample .......... 205
Kenneth S. Latimer, Pauline M. Rakich
Cytology of Commonly Sampled
Pluids‘and Tissues ..Tererewaceons sjtboi g2e 208 INecropsyRecorde™ cote vache sme tel e Boi os 356
Preparing for the NecropsYeugst i-yetaeael sa. ~~ fait
The: Necropsy Examination ty-e3 32) e paged’« - -3 58
Specimen Collection for Ancillary Testing ....... 376
me SECTION THREE TREATMENT REGIMENS
15 SUPPORTIVE CARE 17 ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY . . . .) 2) See
AND EMERGENCY. THERAPY ~~ se-.c-scecnvowmveemwenene 382 Keven Flammer
Katherine E. Quesenberry, Elizabeth V. Hillyer Factors Influencing
Himergency otabilizations areees ee e 383 Selection of an Antibiotic
Hmergency Problemsiye «6 4s s.5. 22 6 « coeeeene 398 Antibacterial Therapy
Antifungal Therapy
IG” TRAUMA MEDICINE 2 en eer eee Lo 417
Laurel A. Degernes 18 FORMULARY
Branson W. Ritchie, Greg J. Harrison
Principles of Wound Management .......... 418
Specific Traumatic Injuries Product Information
and -Their-;Management,. “jel aes Gees.6 422 Therapeutic Agents
Drug Dosing Chart
me SECTION FOUR _ INTERNAL MEDICINE
19° GASTROENTEROLOGY _. . . .averaek. 5a... 482 25 ONCOLOGY
J.T. Lumeij Kenneth S. Latimer
ThesReak, Joico. +,: SRA Coe ee Re ds 484 Integumentary System
The Oropharynx and Salivary Glands ........ 485 Respiratory System
The, Esophagus and\Cropmea eee eeeG s 489 Circulatory System
The Proventriculus and Ventriculus ......... 498 Musculoskeletal System
The Small and Large Intestines ............ 506 Urogenital System
"PheWloacar sits) dis ncie ea ees ee ee ec 509 Digestive System
‘Phe! Pancreas: sit. s45 by ch coin See eee ee tee 512 Endocrine System
ThePleuno-peritoneum, = “eae einen... 514 Nervous System and Eye
Hemolymphatic System
ZA). EIBP ATOLOGY ae rae atime te ee 522
J.T. Lumeij 26 OPHTHALMOLOGY
Diagnostic Considerations % ==) en-8 re eee) 523 David Williams
Liver, Diseases” 2 3.6303. A eee: 532 Anatomy of the Eye
Treatment of Laver Disorders Ais eee eS © 536 Ophthalmic Disorders
ae NEPHROLOGY ES a ccck a tent ie Re ae ey aoe 538 27 CARDIOLOGY
J.T. Lumeij J.T. Lumeij, Branson W. Ritchie
Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidney ........ 539 Evaluating the Avian Heart
Clinicopathologic Diagnosis of Renal Dysfunction . . 543 Electrocardiology
Diseasesiof theiKidn eyie-eni were acerceedetecitereiccmoercercte 550 Arh ythMi as oeenrs.cey iarc cproestersieica)a 0r)et roteorasmre y
Therapeutic Considerations) | 3. =. + soe 2 oes 553 Cardiovascular Diseases
22, PNEUMONOLOG Yemyeigtin cot ce ee eee ae 556 28 NEUROLOGY
Thomas N. Tully, Jr, Greg J. Harrison R. Avery Bennett
MheiRespiratoryal racterteanss oe See ee, 557 Neuroanatomy
Respiratory Physiolopyam cus iat ee) 2 eaeceee e 567 Neurologic Examination
Disenosticiléchnigues S35. 0. oo Cee 571 Diagnostic Techniques
Aerosolaherapyean. « Sen. 20 cs eee Sc eae eee: 573 Neuropathies
Specific Respiratory Diseases ............. 574 Infectious Neuropathies
Congenital Abnormalities
25... ENDOCRINOUOGY a,a lt anecvteean nve eoeelea:e Ae 582
J.T. Lumeij 29 THERIOGENOLOGY
The Hypothalamus and PituitaryGland ....... 583 Kim L. Joyner
CalciumyMetabolisim=.. < sata eca chorer ee 587 Female Reproductive Anatomy
Ther EbyroidiGlangsmpe ease; coe cn eet eaten ae 593 and Egg Formation
The AdrenaliGlandsS.c-.. a ecu nee eee 597 Male Reproductive Anatomy
Endocrine Control of Feather Formation ....... 601 Female Reproductive Disorders
DiabetesiMellitns i teat niin eet h wien ecacae eee 602 Male Reproductive Disorders
Polyuria/Polydipsia(BU/PD) a aes nice Reena 604 Artificial Insemination
Non-disease Factors
ZA. .DERMATOLOG Ya ange. AEJen B IE? aoe, 607 Affecting Reproduction
John E. Cooper, Greg J. Harrison Artificial Incubation
Anatomy and Physiology 30 NEONATOLOGY
obtietAviandintegument ta, ccs, eviewcsost. e ae 608
Keven Flammer, Susan L. Clubb
General Diagnosis and Therapy ............ 621
Specific Etiologies Hand-raising Birds
of Generalized Dermatopathies ........... 623 Common Problems of Neonates
Diseases‘of the Feathers 25028 Fi PW hee ns 633