Avian Anatomy: Textbook and Colour Atlas, 2nd Edition PDF
Preview Avian Anatomy: Textbook and Colour Atlas, 2nd Edition
AVIAN ANATOMY Textbook and Colour Atlas Publishing Avian Anatomy.indb 1 05/10/2016 12:06 AVIAN ANATOMY Textbook and Colour Atlas Editors Horst E. König Rüdiger Korbel Hans-Georg Liebich With contributions from Hermann Bragulla, Klaus-Dieter Budras, Ana Carretero, Gerhard Forstenpointner, Corinna Klupiec, Johann Maierl, Maren Meiners, Ivan Misek, Christoph Mülling, Marc Navarro, Alexander Probst, Sven Reese, Jesus Ruberte, Ingrid Walter, Gerald Weissengruber and Grammata Zengerling Translated by Corinna Klupiec Publishing Avian Anatomy.indb 3 05/10/2016 12:06 First published 2009 This edition published by 5m Publishing 2016 Authorized translation of the second German language edition of König, Horst Erich/ Korbel, Rüdiger/ Liebich, Hans-Georg, Anatomie der Vögel © 2009 by Schattauer GmbH, Stuttgart/Germany Copyright © Horst E. König, Rüdiger Korbel, Hans-Georg Liebich 2016 Corinna Klupiec asserts her right to be known as the translator of this work All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder. Published by 5M Publishing Ltd, Benchmark House, 8 Smithy Wood Drive, Sheffield, S35 1QN, UK Tel: +44 (0) 1234 81 81 80 www.5mpublishing.com A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-910455-60-9 Book layout by Keystroke, Neville Lodge, Tettenhall, Wolverhampton Printed by Replika Pvt Ltd, India Photos and illustrations by Schattauer Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science, so the contents of this publication, especially recommendations con- cerning diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, can only give an account of the knowledge at the time of publication. While utmost care has been taken to ensure that all specifications regarding drug selection and dosage and treatment options are accurate, readers are urged to review the product information sheet and any relevant material supplied by the manufacturer, and, in case of doubt, to consult a specialist. From both an editorial and public interest perspective, the publisher welcomes notification of possible inconsistencies. The ultimate responsibility for any diagnostic or therapeutic application lies with the reader. No special reference is made to registered names, proprietary names, trademarks, etc. in this publica- tion. The appearance of a name without designation as proprietary does not imply that it is exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. This publication is subject to copyright, all rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Any use of this publication outside the limits set by copyright legislation, without the prior written permission of the publisher, is liable to prosecution. Editors O. Univ. Prof. Dr. habil h.c Horst Erich König Institut für Anatomie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien [email protected] Univ.-Prof. Dr. habil. Rüdiger Korbel, Dipl. ECAMS Klinik für Vögel, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstraße 18, D-85764 Oberschleißheim [email protected] Univ.-Prof. Dr. h.c. mult. Hans-Georg Liebich Institut für Tieranatomie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 München [email protected] Avian Anatomy.indb 4 05/10/2016 12:06 Contents Foreword xi Skeleton of the trunk 32 Translator’s note xiii Vertebral column (columna vertebralis) 32 Authors xv Cervical vertebrae (vertebrae cervicales) 32 Abbreviations and directional terms xvii Thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracicae) 34 1 Introduction 1 Synsacrum 34 H. E. König, J. Maierl, G. Weissengruber Caudal vertebrae (vertebrae caudales) 34 and G. Forstenpointner Ribs (costae) 36 Sternum 37 History of avian anatomy 2 Joints of the trunk 38 Overview of the locomotion and anatomy Joints of the vertebral column of birds 4 (juncturae columnae vertebralis) 38 Feathers 5 Joints of the ribs (juncturae costarum) 38 Skeletal adaptations for locomotion 5 Joints of the sternum (juncturae sterni) 38 Types of locomotion 6 Flight 6 Muscles of the trunk (musculi trunci) 38 Land- and water-based locomotion 10 Muscles of the vertebral column (musculi Digestive system 12 vertebrales) 38 Respiratory system 14 Muscles of the thoracic and abdominal walls Urogenital apparatus 14 (musculi thoracis et abdominis) 40 Avian egg and incubation period 14 Muscles of the tail (musculi caudae) 40 Cardiovascular system 15 Clinical aspects 43 Brain and sense organs 15 Locomotor apparatus 17 3 Thoracic limb Skeleton (systema skeletale) 17 (membrum thoracicum) 45 Osteology (osteologia) 17 J. Maierl, H. E. König, H.-G. Liebich and Structure of mature bone 19 R. Korbel Types of bone 19 Skeleton of the pectoral girdle and wing 45 Arthrology (syndesmologia) 20 Skeleton of the pectoral girdle (Ossa cinguli Myology (myologia) 20 membri thoracici) 45 Coracoid bone (os coracoideum) 46 2 Head and trunk 24 Scapula 47 J. Maierl, H.-G. Liebich, H. E. König and Clavicle (clavicula) 47 R. Korbel Skeleton of the wing (ossa alae) 47 Skeleton of the head 24 Humerus 47 Bones of the head 24 Ulna and radius 48 Cranium (ossa cranii) 24 Carpal bones (ossa carpi) 49 Skeleton of the face (ossa faciei) 27 Metacarpal bones (ossa metacarpalia) 49 Bones of the digits (ossa digitorum Joints of the head 30 manus) 49 Muscles of the head 32 Avian Anatomy.indb 5 05/10/2016 12:06 vi Contents Joints of the pectoral girdle and wing 49 Beak, bill (rostrum) 92 Joints of the pectoral girdle (juncturae cinguli Roof of the oral cavity and pharynx membri thoracici) 49 (oropharynx) 94 Joints of the wing (juncturae alae) 50 Floor of the oral cavity 95 Shoulder joint (articulatio humeri) 50 Floor of the pharynx 96 Elbow joint (juncturae cubiti) 51 Salivary glands (glandulae salivariae) 96 Joints of the carpus and manus Swallowing 97 (juncturae carpi et manus) 53 Alimentary canal (canalis alimentarius) 97 Muscles of the pectoral girdle and wing 53 Oesophagus 97 Crop (ingluvies) 97 Clinical aspects 59 Stomach (gaster) 98 Proventriculus (glandular stomach, pars 4 Pelvic limb (membrum pelvinum) 62 glandularis) 99 J. Maierl, H.-G. Liebich, H. E. König and Muscular stomach (ventriculus, pars R. Korbel muscularis) 100 Skeleton of the pelvic girdle and pelvic limb 62 Tunica mucosa gastris 100 Skeleton of the pelvic girdle (ossa cinguli Tunica muscularis gastris 101 membri pelvici) 62 Intestine (intestinum) 101 Ilium (os ilium) 62 Gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) 101 Ischium (os ischii) 64 Small intestine (intestinum tenue) 102 Pubis (os pubis) 64 Duodenum 102 Skeleton of the pelvic limb (ossa membri Jejunum and ileum 102 pelvici) 65 Large intestine (intestinum crassum) 104 Femur (os femoris) 65 Caeca 104 Tibiotarsus 66 Rectum 104 Fibula 67 Cloaca 105 Tarsometatarsus 67 Glands associated with the alimentary canal 109 Digits 68 Liver (hepar) 109 Joints of the pelvic girdle and pelvic limb 68 Porta hepatis 110 Joints of the pelvic girdle (juncturae cinguli Attachments of the liver 110 membri pelvici) 68 Gallbladder (vesica fellea) 110 Joints of the pelvic limb (juncturae membri Pancreas 111 pelvici) 68 Clinical aspects 112 Knee joint (juncturae genus) 69 Intertarsal joint (articulatio intertarsalis) 71 7 Respiratory system Joints of the metatarsal bones 71 (apparatus respiratorius) 118 Metatarsophalangeal joints (articulationes H. E. König, M. Navarro, G. Zengerling metatarsophalangeales) 72 and R. Korbel Interphalangeal joints (articulationes interphalangeales) 72 Nasal cavity (cavum nasi) 118 Muscles of the pelvic limb 72 Larynx 120 Clinical aspects 80 Trachea 121 Syrinx 121 5 Body cavities 83 H. E. König, A. Probst, H.-G. Liebich and R. Korbel Lung (pulmo) 123 Bronchial system and gas exchange 124 Clinical aspects 87 Air sacs (sacci pneumatici, sacci aerophori) 126 6 Digestive system Clinical aspects 128 (apparatus digestorius) 92 H. E. König, H.-G. Liebich, R. Korbel and C. Klupiec Oral cavity (cavum oris) and pharynx 92 Avian Anatomy.indb 6 05/10/2016 12:06 Contents vii 8 Urinary system (organa urinaria) 131 Systemic arteries 165 A. Carretero, H. E. König, H.-G. Liebich and Brachiocephalic trunk (truncus R. Korbel brachiocephalicus) 166 Visceral branches of the descending aorta 170 Kidney (nephros, ren) 131 Renal arteries 170 Structure of the kidney 131 Arteries of the pelvic limb 170 Structure of renal lobules 132 Ischiadic artery 172 Renal corpuscle (corpusculum renis, Arteries of the pelvic region 173 Malpighian body) and nephron 133 Tubules and collecting ducts 133 Systemic veins 174 Juxtaglomerular apparatus 135 Veins of the wing 174 Urine formation 135 Caudal vena cava (vena cava caudalis) 174 Hepatic portal system 174 Ureter 136 Renal portal system 175 Clinical aspects 136 Clinical aspects 176 9 Male genital organs 12 Immune system and lymphatic (organa genitalia masculina) 139 organs (organa lymphopoetica) 179 H. E. König, H. Bragulla, H.-G. Liebich and K.-D. Budras, H. E. König and R. Korbel R. Korbel Lymphatic vessels Testis (orchis) 139 (systema lymphovasculare) 180 Structure of the testis 141 Lymph heart (cor lymphaticum) 182 Epididymis 142 Avian lymph nodes and mural Deferent duct (ductus deferens) 142 lymphoreticular formations 183 Avian lymph nodes 183 Phallus (penis, phallus masculinus) 144 Mural lymphoreticular formations 183 Accessory structures of the phallus 144 Lymphatic organs (thymus, cloacal bursa Clinical aspects 145 and spleen) 184 Thymus 184 10 Female genital organs Cloacal bursa (bursa cloacalis, bursa Fabricii) 184 (organa genitalia feminina) 147 Spleen (lien, splen) 185 H. E. König, I. Walter, H. Bragulla and R. Korbel Clinical aspects 185 Ovary (ovarium) 148 Oogenesis 150 13 Nervous system Oviduct (oviductus) 152 (systema nervosum) 187 Infundibulum 153 H. E. König, I. Misek, H.-G. Liebich, R. Korbel Magnum 154 and C. Klupiec Isthmus 154 Central nervous system (systema nervosum Uterus (metra) 154 centrale) 187 Vagina 155 Spinal cord (medulla spinalis) 187 Structure of the avian egg 155 Brain (encephalon) 189 Nuclei of the medulla oblongata and pons 191 Clinical aspects 155 Metencephalon 191 Mesencephalon 192 11 Cardiovascular system Diencephalon 193 (systema cardiovasculare) 158 Telencephalon 194 J. Ruberte, H. E. König, R. Korbel and C. Klupiec Ventricles of the brain (ventriculi cerebri) 195 Heart (cor) 158 Meninges and meningeal blood vessels 196 Blood vessels of the heart 160 Peripheral nervous system Conduction system of the heart 161 (systema nervosum periphericum) 197 Pulmonary vessels 162 Cranial nerves (nervi craniales) 197 Avian Anatomy.indb 7 05/10/2016 12:06 viii Contents Olfactory nerve (I) 197 Sclera 218 Optic nerve (II) 197 Cornea 219 Oculomotor nerve (III) 198 Middle vascular layer (tunica vasculosa or Trochlear nerve (IV) 198 media bulbi, uvea) 220 Trigeminal nerve (V) 198 Iris 220 Abducent nerve (VI) 199 Ciliary body (corpus ciliare) 222 Facial nerve (VII) 199 Choroid (choroidea) 225 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) 199 Inner layer (tunica interna bulbi, retina) 225 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) 199 Optic nerve (nervus opticus) 227 Vagus nerve (X) 199 Pecten (pecten oculi) 227 Accessory nerve (XI) 200 Internal structures of the eye 229 Hypoglossal nerve (XII) 201 Lens 229 Spinal nerves (nervi spinales) 202 Anterior and posterior chambers Brachial plexus (plexus brachialis) 203 (camera anterior and posterior bulbi) Lumbosacral plexus (plexus lumbosacralis) 203 and aqueous humour (humor Lumbar plexus (plexus lumbalis) 204 aquosus) 229 Sacral plexus (plexus sacralis) 205 Vitreous body (corpus vitreum; camera Pudendal plexus (plexus pudendus) 205 vitrea bulbi) 230 Caudal plexus (plexus caudae) 205 Adnexa of the eye (organa oculi accessoria) 230 Autonomic nervous system Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball 230 (systema nervosum autonomicum) 205 Eyelids (palpebrae) 231 Sympathetic system 205 Lacrimal apparatus (apparatus lacrimalis) 232 Parasympathetic system 207 Innervation of the eye 232 Clinical aspects 207 Blood vessels of the eye 233 14 Endocrine glands Clinical aspects 234 (glandulae endocrinae) 210 Ophthalmic examination 234 H. E. König, G. Weissengruber and R. Korbel History 235 Observation and vision testing 235 Hypophysis, pituitary gland General ophthalmic examination 235 (glandula pituitaria) 211 Specialised ophthalmic examination 236 Epiphysis, pineal gland (glandula pinealis) 212 16 The ear (organum Thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea) 212 vestibulocochleare) 243 Parathyroid gland (glandula parathyroidea) 212 H. E. König, G. Weissengruber, I. Walter and R. Korbel Ultimobranchial body (glandula ultimobranchialis) 212 External ear (auris externa) 243 Adrenal gland (glandula adrenalis) 212 Middle ear (auris media) 245 Pancreatic islets (insulae pancreaticae) 214 Internal ear (auris interna) 245 Gonads (testis, ovarium) 214 Clinical aspects 248 Clinical aspects 215 17 Common integument (integumentum commune) 249 15 The eye (organum visus) 216 H. E. König, S. Reese, C. Mülling and S. Reese, R. Korbel and H.-G. Liebich R. Korbel Orbit (orbita) 216 Featherless body regions 250 Eyeball, bulb (bulbus oculi) 217 Skin glands 250 Size, shape and position 217 Accessory cutaneous structures 250 Structure of the eyeball 218 Patagia 251 Outer fibrous layer (tunica fibrosa or Interdigital webs 252 externa bulbi) 218 Rhamphotheca and cere 252 Avian Anatomy.indb 8 05/10/2016 12:06 Contents ix Scales 254 Application 282 Pads 254 Potential sources of error 282 Claws 255 Thumb and two-finger restraint Spurs 255 (helmet grip) 283 Method 283 Feathered body regions 255 Application 283 Feathers 255 Potential sources of error 283 Feather structure 255 Two-finger restraint (‘ringer’s hold’) 283 Types of feathers 257 Method 283 Feather replacement and moulting 260 Application 283 Blood supply and innervation of the skin 260 Potential sources of error 283 Restraining pigeons 283 Clinical aspects 260 Method 283 18 Clinical examination 263 Application 284 Potential sources of error 284 R. Korbel, S. Reese and H. E. König Holding pigeons for examination of the History and signalment 264 thoracic and pelvic limbs 284 Observation 265 Examination of the thoracic limbs 284 Method 284 Physical examination 267 Application 285 Further investigation 270 Potential sources of error 285 Laboratory techniques 270 Examination of the pelvic limbs 285 Method 285 19 Imaging techniques 271 Application 285 R. Korbel, A. Probst and H.-G. Liebich Potential sources of error 285 ‘Bunch of flowers’ grip 285 Photography 271 Method 285 Radiography 273 Application 285 Principles of radiographic image acquisition 274 Potential sources of error 285 Positioning for the ventrodorsal view 274 Restraint of chickens, raptors and Procedure 274 waterfowl 285 Positioning for the lateral view 274 Fixation for surgery 286 Procedure 274 Methods 286 Potential complications 274 Detaching biting or grasping birds 287 Contrast radiography 274 Anaesthesia 287 Management of shock 288 Sonography (ultrasound) 275 Analgesia and pain management 288 Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging 278 21 Medication and blood collection techniques 289 20 Handling, restraint and anaesthesia 279 R. Korbel and H. E. König R. Korbel, S. Reese and H.-G. Liebich Theoretical principles 289 Theoretical principles 279 Administering medications 289 Respiratory dynamics 279 Methods 289 Thermoregulation 280 Restraining the patient 289 Reflex activity and heart rate 281 Preventing haemorrhage and achieving Skeleton 281 haemostasis 289 Methods 281 Disinfection of the skin 290 Preparation 281 Needle and injectate specifications 290 Capture of the patient 281 Methods of administration 290 Restraint 282 Tube or crop needle 290 Thumb and finger restraint 282 Application 290 Method 282 Restraint 290 Avian Anatomy.indb 9 05/10/2016 12:06
The list of books you might like
