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STUDIES IN NATIONAL GOVERNANCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Autonomous Vessels in Maritime Affairs Law and Governance Implications Edited by Tafsir Matin Johansson Jonatan Echebarria Fernández · Dimitrios Dalaklis Aspasia Pastra · Jon A. Skinner Studies in National Governance and Emerging Technologies Series Editors Edward Abbott-Halpin, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK Carolina Aguerre, Victoria, Argentina Alberto Asquer, School of Finance, University of London, SOAS, London, UK Malcolm Campbell-Verduyn, International Relations, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Maria João Maia, Institute for Technology Assessment, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Fromgenomeeditingtodeeplearning,andfromblockchaintoquantum computing, the rise of emerging technologies poses a number of oppor- tunities, threats and risks to society. Emerging technologies provide affordances to innovative products and services that can potentially revo- lutionizefieldslikemedicine,transportandfinance.Theymayalsoresult, however, in unwelcome side-effects, unintended consequences and delib- erate harms to particular groups and individuals, as well as entire systems and the environment. Questions about whether emerging technologies should be regulated at the national level, and how precisely governments should encourage and respond to them, are controversial. Precautionary approaches may discourage investment and make countries lose ground with respect to other economies. Permissive regimes may put consumers and natural environments at risk. Governments, business firms and the civil society are expected to play a role in (re-)designing how emerging technologies will be regulated, re-regulated and steered. This series invites contributions on the intersection between technological development and the processes of promoting, steering and regulating the development and applications of emerging technologies. Books will address theoretical issues, such as what drives the develop- mentofnewtechnologies,hownewtechnologiesreconfiguregovernance systems,andtheeffectsofnewtechnologiesondemocracy,accountability, efficiency, economic growth, justice, power, legitimacy, sustainability and inclusion. Empirically, the series welcomes contributions that address any area of emerging technologies, including Artificial Intelligence, control of sensor networks and Internet-of-Things, robotics, cryptocurrencies, renewable energy sources, nano-technologies, genetic therapies, smart cities,andthesignificanceofspaceandtechnologytofuturedevelopment. · Tafsir Matin Johansson · Jonatan Echebarria Fernández · · Dimitrios Dalaklis Aspasia Pastra Jon A. Skinner Editors Autonomous Vessels in Maritime Affairs Law and Governance Implications Editors Tafsir Matin Johansson Jonatan Echebarria Fernández World Maritime University-Sasakawa The City Law School, City Global Ocean Institute University of London Malmö, Sweden London, UK Dimitrios Dalaklis Aspasia Pastra World Maritime University World Maritime University-Sasakawa Malmö, Sweden Global Ocean Institute Malmö, Sweden Jon A. Skinner MatSu College University of Alaska Anchorage Palmer, AK, USA Global College of PME Air University Montgomery, Alabama, USA ISSN 2524-6291 ISSN 2524-6305 (electronic) Studies in National Governance and Emerging Technologies ISBN 978-3-031-24739-2 ISBN 978-3-031-24740-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24740-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 Chapter11andChapter18arelicensedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttri- bution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). For further details see license information in the chapters. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such namesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreefor general use. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinforma- tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmaps and institutional affiliations. Cover credit: arild lillebø/Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgments The editors of this volume acknowledge the contributions of many individuals and organizations. First and foremost, the editors owe an extraordinary debt to all the authors and co-authors that have published inthispeer-reviewedvolume.AwarmnoteofthankstoMitchellLennan, Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in Energy & Environment Law at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, for providing additional editorial assis- tance. The co-editors are extremely indebted to external reviewers: Paul Myburgh, Associate Professor and Deputy Director, Centre for Maritime Law, Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore; Jos Leijten, Retired Innovation Strategist, previously in Joint Institute for innovation Policy (Brussels) and TNO (Netherlands); Chang Hee Lee, Professor,CollegeofMaritimeScience,KoreaMaritime&OceanUniver- sity; Tae-eun Kim; Associate Professor of Maritime Safety Management, Department of Technology and Safety, Faculty of Science and Tech- nology, University of Tromsø (UiT)—The Arctic University of Norway; and Kivilcim Ceren Buken; PhD Candidate, Hacettepe University, as well as others that were a part of the blinded review. A special thanks to our contributors Matti Eronen, Mikis Tsimplis, and Vibe Ulfbeck, and external contributors Yoss LeClerc; President and CEO, Logistro ConsultingInternational,VancouverBC;FormerPresident,International Harbour Masters Association,London UK; and Mikael Hilden, owner of AMH Maritime Consultancy for playing an important role in the triple peer-review process. v vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The editors would also like to extend sincere appreciation to the Nippon Foundation, the World Maritime University and the World Maritime University-Sasakawa Global Ocean Institute, the City Law School, and the University of Alaska for their generous support. Sweden Tafsir Matin Johansson November 2022 Jonatan Echebarria Fernández Dimitrios Dalaklis Aspasia Pastra Jon A. Skinner Contents 1 Introduction to Autonomous Vessels in Maritime Affairs: Law & Governance Implications 1 Tafsir Matin Johansson, Jon A. Skinner, Jonatan Echebarria Fernández, Aspasia Pastra, and Dimitrios Dalaklis Part I Setting the Scene 2 Innovate or Fade—Introducing Ocean Innovation Diplomacy to the Maritime Sector 19 Andrei Polejack 3 Evolution of IMO’s MASS: Through the Prism of the Chair 33 Henrik Tunfors Part II Naval Warfare & Security 4 Advent of a New Era in Naval Warfare: Autonomous and Unmanned Systems 63 Raul Pedrozo 5 Maritime Security in the Age of Autonomous Ships 81 Anna Petrig vii viii CONTENTS Part III Safety & Seaworthiness 6 Designing Norms for Autonomous Ships: The Obligation to Call for Help and the Duty to Save Life in Danger at Sea 99 Michael Tsimplis 7 Safety and Seaworthiness Challenges of MASS in the Shipping and Port Sector 119 Klimanthia Kontaxaki and Vera Alexandropoulou 8 How to Ensure Safe Navigation: Navigation Safety Regulation in MASS 139 Mika Viljanen Part IV Global Environmental Change 9 Autonomous Vessels in the Era of Global Environmental Change 163 Sean Pribyl Part V Autonomous Passenger Transportation 10 Autonomous Urban Passenger Ferries—A New Mobility Mode in Need of Appropriate Regulation 187 Øyvind Smogeli 11 New Design Solutions and Procedures for Ensuring Meaningful Human Control and Interaction with Autonomy: Automated Ferries in Profile 213 Christoph A. Thieme, Marilia A. Ramos, Even A. Holte, Stig O. Johnsen, Thor Myklebust, and Øyvind Smogeli Part VI Liability & Insurance 12 Autonomy, Autonomous Shipping and Coastal Authorities’ Concerns 245 Matti Eronen 13 Remote Control and Remote Risk of Liability?—Vicarious Liability for Remotely Controlled Vessels in Scandinavian and English Law 263 Vibe Ulfbeck and Aslı Arda CONTENTS ix 14 Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS): Precarious Legal Position of the Shore-Based Remote Controller 277 Proshanto Kumar Mukherjee 15 Navigating the Turbulent Waters of Liability: Making the Case for the Application of Risk-Management-Based Liability Approach to Autonomous Vessels 297 Anil Ozturk 16 Insurance of Marine Autonomous Surface Ships: Risk Allocation, Seaworthiness and Technological Challenges from an Underwriter’s Perspective 315 Manuel Varela Chouciño, Jonatan Echebarria Fernández, and Johanna Hjalmarsson Part VII Selected National & Regional Developments 17 Selected Industry Issues Regarding Autonomous Vessels: The Canadian Perspective 337 Maria Katsivela 18 The Societal Impacts of Autonomous Ships: The Norwegian Perspective 357 Ørnulf Jan Rødseth, Dag Atle Nesheim, Agathe Rialland, and Even Ambros Holte 19 US Perspectives on Regulating Maritime Autonomy 377 Annie Brett Part VIII Tying the Threads 20 Autonomous Ships: Where Is It Going from Here? 397 Paul Topping