Automotive Sensory Systems

380 Pages·1993·10.701 MB·English

by  Christopher O. Nwagboso (auth.), Christopher O. Nwagboso (eds.)

Automotive Sensory Systems
Road Vehicle Automation Series
Edited by Chris Nwagboso
Vehicle Systems Research Centre
School of Engineering
Bolton Institute
Bolton
England
The increasing level of innovations in the fields of information technology,
telecommunications, electronics and materials technology in the automotive
industry worldwide requires a framework to allow all those involved in these
developments to exchange their knowledge and expertise. This need will be
met by a series of books on road vehicle automation.
The series focuses on all aspects of vehicle engineering encompassing
advanced transport informatic and telematic technology; the aim is to publish
high quality books on all aspects of road vehicle automation. It will bring
together the expertise of international specialists, researchers, consultants,
engineers and managers whose work and efforts are shaping the present and
future of road vehicles. These books will provide a truly unique interface
between the industries, research establishments and academic institutions
working in this fast evolving and exciting area of technology.
As series editor, I ask prospective authors and editors to submit proposals
to me in detailed form, incorporating the following: a statement of the
objectives and scope of the book; a definition of the intended readership; an
indication of its readership; details of its relationship to existing texts; a note
of the intended length; a contents list and, if available, two draft chapters.
Chapman & Hall will collaborate with each author/editor to ensure that
their proposal is evaluated in a fully constructive manner, and that their books
are edited, manufactured, promoted and distributed worldwide in a way
likely to maximize sales.
1. Automotive Sensory Systems
Edited by Christopher O. Nwagboso
Automotive Sensory Systems
Edited by
Christopher O. Nwagboso
Vehicle Systems Research Centre,
School of Engineering,
Bolton Institute, Bolton, U K
mJ
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V
First edition 1993
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1993
Typeset in 10/12 Times by Thomson Press (India) Ltd., New Delhi, India
ISBN 978-94-010-4659-6
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study,
or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and
Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in
writing of the publishers, or in the case of re prog raphic reproduction only in
accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing
Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the
appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries
concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the
publishers at the London address printed on this page.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to
the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any
legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
Automotive Sensory Systems / edited by Christopher Nwagboso.-lst
ed.
p. cm.-(Road vehicle automation series)
Includes index.
ISBN 978-94-010-4659-6 ISBN 978-94-011-1508-7 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-94-011-1508-7
I. Automotive sensors. I. Nwagboso, Christopher. 11. Series.
TL272.5.A988 1993
621.25'49-dc20 92-47248
CIP
This book is dedicated to
Martha, Louise, Lloyd, Hollie
and Naomi
Contents
List of contributors xi
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xix
PART ONE Automotive Sensors 1
1. Introduction to automotive sensory systems 3
C.O. Nwagboso and E.N. Goodyear
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 What are automotive sensory systems? 4
1.3 The background 5
1.4 Some current systems 6
1.5 Basic automotive optical sensors 17
1.6 Future developments 20
1.7 Conclusion 25
2. Sensors in automobile applications 27
s. Re Fiorentin
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Engine control sensors 27
2.3 Vehicle control sensors 36
2.4 Safety systems sensors 39
2.5 Navigation systems sensors 41
2.6 Surrounding comfort sensors 41
2.7 Conclusions 41
PART TWO Powerplant and Transmission 45
3. Development of non-contacting capacitive torque sensor and
system for vehicle application 47
J.A. Foerster and R.F. Wolffenbuttel
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Principle of operation 52
3.3 The sensor system 53
3.4 Sensor performance 58
3.5 Conclusions 59
4. Sensors and systems for crankshaft position measurement 61
G. Rizzoni and W.B. Ribbens
4.1 Introduction 61
Vlll Contents
4.2 Crankshaft position and velocity sensors 64
4.3 Applications of crankshaft position measurement 71
4.4 Application of crankshaft velocity measurement 77
4.5 Conclusions 93
5. Integrated sensors and control system for engines using
gaseous fuels 95
P. Tiedema and J. van der Weide
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Development backgrounds 96
5.3 Control system hardware and software 98
5.4 Application example 1: Microprocessor stoichiometric
air/fuel-ratio control system, basic layout 105
5.5 Application example 2: Engine management system on
CNG urban bus engine operating at stoichiometric
air/fuel ratio 109
5.6 Application example 3: Microprocessor air/fuel ratio
control system on lean burn CNG urban bus engine 116
5.7 Conclusions 120
PART THREE Vehicle Ride and Comfort 123
6. Automotive accelerometers for vehicle ride and comfort
applications 125
R.E. Bicking
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Accelerometer basics 125
6.3 Ride control and comfort application requirements 130
6.4 Technology comparison 131
6.5 Conclusions 140
7. A low-cost multimode fibre optic gyrometer for automotive
applications 141
M. Bouamra, P. Meyrueis and A. Chakari
7.1 Introduction 141
7.2 Some specific problems in a MFOG for an automotive 146
7.3 Amplitude-phase correlations of modes under coupling effects 146
7.4 Application to the stabilization of the zero drift in MFOG
for automotive 152
7.5 Conclusions 155
PART FOUR Security and Safety Systems 157
8. Development of Toyota airbag sensor and system 159
M. Mutoh, M. Masegi and Z.S. Younan
8.1 Introduction 159
8.2 Toyota supplemental restraint system 159
8.3 Sensory system 159
8.4 Sensor 163
Contents IX
8.5 Actuator 176
8.6 Control circuit 178
8.7 Conclusions 180
PART FIVE Driver and Occupant Information Systems 183
9. Sensor techniques using image processing for driver behaviour
study 185
L. Pastor, P. de Miguel, A. Perez, F. Rosales, S. Rodriguez,
A. Cabanas and A. Rodriguez
9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 System structure 186
9.3 SAISMI mobile subsystem 190
9.4 SAIDDL mobile subsystem 193
9.5 Information integration 199
9.6 System exploitation 203
9.7 New improvements 206
9.8 Conclusions 207
to. Development of dashboard information display system for
automotive vehicles 210
Z.w. Porada
10.1 Introduction 210
10.2 Manufacturing technique 212
10.3 Experimental results 213
10.4 Discussion of results 214
10.5 Optoelectronic memory cell controlled dashboard
electroluminescent information display system 216
to.6 Conclusions 218
PART SIX Vehicle Navigation and Communication 221
11. Autonomous vehicle guidance using laser range imagery 223
J.H. Beyer and W.F. Pont Jr
11.1 Introduction 223
11.2 Past work 223
11.3 Image-processing system 225
11.4 Three dimensional imaging system 228
11.5 Road-finding algorithms 235
11.6 Future work in road-finding algorithms 239
11. 7 Path planning 239
11.8 Conclusions 241
12. Vision systems for vehicle guidance 243
K.D. Kuhnert
12.1 Introduction 243
12.2 Goal-oriented vision for robot vehicle 243
12.3 Concept of dynamic vision 247
12.4 Structure of vision algorithms 250
x Contents
12.5 Hardware architecture 259
12.6 Hardware realization 262
12.7 Application example of the co-processor 265
12.8 Future hardware 266
12.9 Conclusion 268
13. Beacon-vehicle link in the 1-10 GHz frequency range 271
S. Baranowski. M. Lienard and P. Degauque
13.1 Introduction 271
13.2 Classification of the applications 271
13.3 Intrinsic attenuations 272
13.4 Short-range link 276
13.5 Medium-range link 281
13.6 Long-range link: Measurements in tunnels 287
13.7 Perspectives 291
PART SEVEN Sensors and Systems in Automotive Manufacture 293
14. A perspective on machine vision at Rover Cars Group 295
K.D. Gill
14.1 Introduction 295
14.2 Case Study I: Body gauging 296
14.3 Case Study II: Windshield fitment 303
14.4 Case Study III: Value timing gear verification 308
14.5 Case Study IV: Selective bearing shell assembly 313
14.6 Concluding discussion 319
PART EIGHT Smart Sensors and Systems 321
15. Intelligent sensors for vehicles 323
E. Zabler. F. Heintz and R. Dietz
15.1 Introduction 323
15.2 Concepts for intelligent sensors 325
15.3 Possibilities for intelligent sensors in current applications 331
15.4 Concept of an intelligent short-circuit ring displacement
sensor 337
15.5 Calibration process for intelligent sensors 348
15.6 Conclusions 350
16. Development of intelligent sensor technology in Japan 352
O. Ina. Y. Yoshino and M. !ida
16.1 Introduction 352
16.2 Semiconductor pressure sensor 352
16.3 Magnetic sensor 360
16.4 Image sensor 365
16.5 Conclusion 369
Index 371
List of contributors
C.O. Nwagboso, Vehicle Systems Research Centre (VSRC), School of
Engineering, Bolton Institute, Bolton, UK.
E.N. Goodyear, SIRA (UK) Ltd, Chislehurst, UK.
s. Re Fiorentin, Electronic Systems, Fiat Research Centre, Orbassano, Italy.
J.A. Foerster, Electronic Instrumentation Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
R.F. Wolffenbuttel, Electronic Instrumentation Laboratory, Faculty of
Electrical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The
Netherlands.
G. Rizzoni, Centre for Automotive Research, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
W.B. Ribbens, Vehicular Electronic Laboratory, University of Michigan,
College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
P. Tiedema, Deltec Fuel Systems BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
J. van der Weide, TNO Road Vehicles Research Institute, Delft, The
Netherlands.
R.E. Bicking, Micro Switch Division, Honeywell Inc., Freeport, Illinois, USA.
M. Bouamra, Photonics Systems Laboratory ENSPSjULP, Strasbourg,
France.
P. Meyrueis, Photonics Systems Laboratory ENSPS/ULP, Strasbourg,
France.
A. Chakari, Photonics Systems Laboratory ENSPS/ULP, Strasbourg,
France.
M. Mutoh, Electronic Engineering Department, Toyota Motor Corp., Kariya,
Aichi, Japan.
M. Masegi, Air Bag Engineering Department, Nippondenso Co. Ltd., Kariya,
Aichi, Japan.
Z.S. Younan, Program Management Asian-Pacific Operations, TRW
Technar Inc., Irwindale, California, USA.